104 MR. DARWIN'S WORK AND 



related to the horse, have those parts which are rudimentary 

 in him, fully developed. 



Again, the sheep and the cow have no cutting-teeth, 

 but only a hard pad in the upper jaw. That is the common 

 characteristic of ruminants in general. But the calf has 

 in its upper jaw some rudiments of teeth which never are 

 developed, and never play the part of teeth at all. Well, 

 if you go back in time, you find some of the older, now 

 extinct, allies of the ruminants have well-developed teeth 

 in their upper jaws ; and at the present day the pig (which 

 is in structure closely connected with ruminants) has 

 well-developed teeth in its upper jaw ; so that here is 

 another instance of organs well developed and very useful, 

 in one animal, represented by rudimentary organs, for 

 which we can discover no purpose whatsoever, in another 

 closely allied animal. The whalebone whale, again, has 

 horny " whalebone " plates in its mouth, and no teeth ; 

 but the young fcetal whale, before it is born, has teeth in 

 its jaws ; they, however, are never used, and they never 

 come to anything. But other members of the group to 

 which the whale belongs have well-developed teeth in 

 both jaws. 



Upon any hypothesis of special creation, facts of this 

 kind appear to me to be entirely unaccountable and 

 inexplicable, but they cease to be so if you accept Mr. 

 Darwin's hypothesis, and see reason for believing that 

 the whalebone whale and the whale with teeth in its 

 mouth both sprang from a whale that had teeth, and 

 that the teeth of the fostal whale are merely remnants 

 recollections, if we may so say of the extinct whale. 

 So in the case of the horse and the rhinoceros : suppose 

 that both have descended by modification from some 

 earlier form which had the normal number of toes, and 

 the persistence of the rudimentary bones which no longer 

 support toes in the horse becomes comprehensible. 



In the language that we speak in England, and in the 

 language of the Greeks, there are identical verbal roots, 

 or elements entering into the composition of words. That 

 fact remains unintelligible so long as we suppose English 

 and Greek to be independently created tongues ; but 

 when it is shown that both languages are descended from 

 one original, the Sanscrit, we give an explanation of that 

 resemblance. In the same way the existence of identical 

 structural roots, if I may so term them, entering into the 



