OF THE MAN-LIKE APES 213 



in aspect, gentle and docile ; while Wurmb's Pongo was a 

 monster almost twice their size, of vast strength and fierce- 

 ness, and very brutal in expression ; its great projecting 

 muzzle, armed with strong teeth, being further disfigured 

 by the outgrowth of the cheeks into fleshy lobes. 



Eventually, in accordance with the usual marauding habits 

 of the Revolutionary armies, the ' Pongo ' skeleton was 

 carried away from Holland into France, and notices of 

 it, expressly intended to demonstrate its entire distinctness 

 from the Orang and its affinity with the baboons, were 

 given, in 1798, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Guvier. 



Even in Cuvier's Tableau Elementaire, and in the first 

 edition of his great work, the Regne Animal, the ' Pongo ' 

 is classed as a species of Baboon. However, so early as 

 1818, it appears that Cuvier saw reason to alter this opinion, 

 and to adopt the view suggested several years before by 

 Blumenbach,* and after him by Tilesius, that the Bornean 

 Pongo is simply an adult Orang. In 1824, Rudolphi 

 demonstrated, by the condition of the dentition, more fully 

 and completely than had been done by his predecessors, 

 that the Orangs described up to that time were all young 

 animals, and that the skull and teeth of the adult would 

 probably be such as those seen in the Pongo of Wurmb. 

 In the second edition of the Regne Animal (1829), Guvier 

 infers, from the ' proportions of all the parts ' and ' the 

 arrangements of the foramina and sutures of the head,' that 

 the Pongo is the adult of the Orang- Utan, ' at least of a very 

 closely allied species,' and this conclusion was eventually 

 placed beyond all doubt by Professor Owen's Memoir 

 published in the Zoological Transactions for 1835, and 

 by Temminck in his Monographies de Mammalogie. 

 Temminck's memoir is remarkable for the completeness of 

 the evidence which it affords as to the modification which 

 the form of the Orang undergoes according to age and sex. 

 Tiedemann first published an account of the brain of the 

 young Orang, while Sandifort, Muller and Schlegel, described 

 the muscles and the viscera of the adult, and gave the 

 earliest detailed and trustworthy history of the habits of 

 the great Indian Ape in a state of nature ; and as important 

 additions have been made by later observers, we are at this 

 moment better acquainted with the adult of the Orang-Utan, 



* See Blumenbach, Abbildungen Nalurhistorichen Gegenstdnde, 

 No. 12, 1810; and Tilesius, Naturhistoriche Friichte der ersten 

 Kaiserlich-Russischen Erdum&egelung, p. 115, 1813. 



