OF THE MAN-LIKE APES 231 



seemed to be less perfect. The under lip was the great 

 organ of touch, and played a very important part in drink- 

 ing, being thrust out like a trough, so as either to catch the 

 falling rain, or to receive the contents of the half cocoa-nut 

 shell full of water with which the Orang was supplied, 

 and which, in drinking, he poured into the trough thus 

 formed. 



In Borneo the Orang-Utan of the Malays goes by the 

 name of " Mias " among the Dyaks, who distinguish 

 several kinds as Mias Pappan, or Zimo, Mias Kassu, 

 and Mias Rambi. Whether these are distinct species, 

 however, or whether they are mere races, and how far 

 any of them are identical with the Sumatran Orang, as 

 Mr. Wallace thinks the Mias Pappan to be, are problems 

 which are at present undecided ; and the variability of 

 these great apes is so extensive, that the settlement of 

 the question is a matter of great difficulty. Of the form 

 called " Mias Pappan/' Mr. Wallace * observes, " It is 

 known by its large size, and by the lateral expansion of 

 the face into fatty protuberances, or ridges, over the 

 temporal muscles, which have been mis-termed callosities, 

 as they are perfectly soft, smooth, and flexible. Five of 

 this form, measured by me, varied only from 4 feet 1 inch 

 to 4 feet 2 inches in height, from the heel to the crown of 

 the head, the girth of the body from 3 feet to 3 feet 7 

 inches, and the extent of the outstretched arms from 7 feet 

 2 inches to 7 feet 6 inches ; the width of the face from 10 to 

 13J inches. The colour and length of the hair varied in 

 different individuals, and in different parts of the same 

 individual ; some possessed a rudimentary nail on the great 

 toe, others none at all ; but they otherwise present no 

 external differences on which to establish even varieties of 

 a species. 



" Yet, when we examine the crania of these individuals, 

 we find remarkable differences of form, proportion, and 

 dimension, no two being exactly alike. The slope of the 

 profile, and the projection of the muzzle, together with 

 the size of the cranium, offer differences as decided as those 

 existing between the most strongly marked forms of the 

 Caucasian and African crania in the human species. The 

 orbits vary in width and height, the cranial ridge is either 

 single or double, either much or little developed, and the 



* On the Orang-Utan, or Mias of Borneo, Annals of Natural 

 History, 1856. 



