TO THE LOWER ANIMALS 257 



arms, which are very much longer than the spine in the 

 Gorilla, very much shorter than the spine in the Man. 



The question now arises how are the other Apes related 

 to the Gorilla in these respects taking the length of the 

 spine, measured in the same way, at 100. In an adult 

 Chimpanzee, the arm is only 96, the leg 90, the hand 43. 

 the foot 39 so that the hand and the leg depart more 

 from the human proportion and the arm less, while the 

 foot is about the same as in the Gorilla. 



In the Orang, the arms are very much longer than in 

 the Gorilla (122), while the legs are shorter (88) ; the foot 

 is longer than the hand (52 and 48), and both are much 

 longer in proportion to the spine. 



In the other man-like Apes again, the Gibbons, these 

 proportions are still further altered ; the length of the 

 arms being to that of the spinal column as 19 to 11 ; while 

 the legs are also a third longer than the spinal column, 

 so as to be longer than in Man, instead of shorter. The 

 hand is half as long as the spinal column, and the foot, 

 shorter than the hand, is about T 5 T ths of the length of 

 the spinal column. 



Thus Hylobates is as much longer in the arms than the 

 Gorilla, as the Gorilla is longer in the arms than Man ; 

 while, on the other hand, it is as much longer in the legs 

 than the Man, as the Man is longer in the legs than the 

 Gorilla, so that it contains within itself the extremest 

 deviations from the average length of both pairs of limbs 

 (see the illustration on page 196). 



The Mandrill presents a middle condition, the arms 

 and legs being nearly equal in length, and both being 

 shorter than the spinal column ; while hand and foot 

 have nearly the same proportions to one another and to 

 the spine, as in Man. 



In the Spider monkey (Ateles) the leg is longer than 

 the spine, and the arm than the leg ; and, finally, in that 

 remarkable Lemurine form, the Indri (Lichanotas), the 

 leg is about as long as the spinal column, while the arm 

 is not more than H of its length ; the hand having rather 

 less and the foot rather more, than one-third the length of 

 the spinal column. 



These examples might be greatly multiplied, but they 

 suffice to show that, in whatever proportion of its limbs 

 the Gorilla differs from Man, the other Apes depart still 

 more widely from the Gorilla, and that, consequently, 



