TO THE LOWER ANIMALS 273 



the foot obliquely to be attached to the base of the great 

 toe. No muscle in the hand exactly corresponds with this, 

 which is eminently a foot muscle. 



To resume the foot of man is distinguished from his 

 hand by the following absolute anatomical differences : 



1. By the arrangement of the tarsal bones. 



2. By having a short flexor and a short extensor 



muscle of the digits. 



3. By possessing the muscle termed peronseus longus. 

 And if we desire to ascertain whether the terminal 



division of a limb, in other Primates, is to be called a 

 foot or a hand, it is by the presence or absence of these 

 characters that we must be guided, and not by the mere 

 proportions and greater or lesser mobility of the great 

 toe, which may vary indefinitely without any fundamental 

 alteration in the structure of the foot. 



Keeping these considerations in mind, let us now turn 

 to the limbs of the Gorilla. The terminal division of the 

 fore limb presents no difficulty bone for bone and muscle 

 for muscle, are found to be arranged essentially as in man, 

 or with such minor differences as are found as varieties in 

 man. The Gorilla's hand is clumsier, heavier, and has a 

 thumb somewhat shorter in proportion than that of man ; 

 but no one has ever doubted its being a true hand. 



At first sight, the termination of the hind limb ol the 

 Gorilla looks very hand-like, and as it is still more so 

 in many ol the lower apes, it is not wonderful that the 

 appellation " Quadrumana," or four-handed creatures, 

 adopted from the older anatomists * by Blumenbach, 

 and unfortunately rendered current by Guvier, should have 



* hi speaking of the foot of his " Pygmie," Tyson remarks, p. 

 13: 



" But this part in the formation and in its function too, being liker 

 a Hand than a Foot : for the distinguishing this sort of animals from 

 others, I have thought whether it might not be reckoned and called 

 rather Quadru-manus than Quadrupes, i.e. a four-handed rather 

 than a four-footed animal." 



As this passage was published in 1699, M. I. G. St. Hilaire is 

 clearly in error in ascribing the invention of the term " quadru- 

 manous " to Buffon, though " bimanous " may belong to him. 

 Tyson uses " Quadrumanus " in several places, as at p. 91. . . . 

 " Our Pygmie is no Man, nor yet the common Ape, but a sort ol 

 Animal between both ; and though a Biped, yet of the Quadru- 

 mo/ms-kind : though some Men too have been observed to use their 

 Feet like Hands, as I have seen several." 



