ON SOME FOSSIL REMAINS OF MAN 313 



the forehead, which gives the skull somewhat the aspect 

 of that of the large apes, still in other respects, as for 

 instance in the greater depth of the temporal fossae, the 

 crest-like, prominent temporal ridges, and a generally less 

 capacious cranial cavity, exhibit an equally low stage of 

 development. There is no reason for supposing that the 

 deep frontal hollow is due to any artificial flattening, such 

 as is practised in various modes by barbarous nations in 

 the Old and New World. The skull is quite symmetrical, 

 and shows no indication of counter-pressure at the occiput, 

 Whilst, according to Morton, in the Flat-heads of the 

 Columbia, the frontal and parietal bones are always 

 unsymmetrical. Its conformation exhibits the sparing 

 development of the anterior part of the head which 

 has been so often observed in very ancient crania, and 

 affords one of the most striking proofs of the influence of 

 culture and civilization on the form of the human skull." 

 In a subsequent passage, Dr. Schaaffhausen remarks : 

 " There is no reason whatever for regarding the unusual 

 development of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable skull 

 from the Neanderthal as an individual or pathological 

 deformity ; it is unquestionably a typical race-character, 

 and is physiologically connected with the uncommon 

 thickness of the other bones of the skeleton, which exceeds 

 by about one-half the usual proportions. This expansion 

 of the frontal sinuses, which are appendages of the air- 

 passages, also indicates an unusual force and power of 

 endurance in the movements of the body, as may be 

 concluded from the size of all the ridges and processes for 

 the attachment of the muscles or bones. That this con- 

 clusion may be drawn from the existence of large frontal 

 sinuses, and a prominence of the lower frontal region, is 

 confirmed in many ways by other observations. By the 

 same characters, according to Pallas, the wild horse is 

 distinguished from the domesticated, and, according to 

 Cuvier, the fossil cave-bear from every recent species of 

 bear, whilst, according to Roulin, the pig, which has become 

 wild in America, and regained a resemblance to the wild 

 boar, is thus distinguished from the same animal in the 

 domesticated state, as is the chamois from the goat ; and, 

 lastly, the bull-dog, which is characterised by its large bones 

 and strongly-developed muscles from every other kind of 

 dog. The estimation of the facial angle, the determination 

 of which, according to Professor Owen, is also difficult in 



