ON SOME FOSSIL REMAINS OF MAN 317 



of these gives a side view of the skull, and from it Fig. 24, 

 A. has been shaded. The second (Fig. 25, A.) exhibits 

 the wide openings of the frontal sinuses upon the inferior 

 surface of the frontal part of the skull, into which, Dr. 

 Fuhlrott writes, " a probe may be introduced to the depth 

 of an inch," and demonstrates the great extension of the 

 thickened supraciliary ridges beyond the cerebral cavity. 

 The third, lastly (Fig. 25, B.), exhibits the edge and the 

 interior of the posterior, or occipital, part of the skull, 

 and shows very clearly the two depressions for the lateral 

 sinuses, sweeping inwards towards the middle line of the 

 roof of the skull, to form the longitudinal sinus. It was 

 clear, therefore, that I had not erred in my interpretation, 

 and that the posterior lobe of the brain of the Neander- 

 thal man must have been as much flattened as I suspected 

 it to be. 



In truth, the Neanderthal cranium has most extra- 

 ordinary characters. It has an extreme length of 8 inches, 

 while its breadth is only 5.75 inches, or, in other words, 

 its length is to its breadth as 100 : 72. It is exceedingly 

 depressed, measuring only about 3.4 inches from the 

 glabello-occipital line to the vertex. The longitudinal 

 arc, measured in the same way as in the Engis skull, is 

 12 inches ; the transverse arc cannot be exactly ascer- 

 tained, in consequence of the absence of the temporal 

 bones, but was probably about the same, and certainly 

 exceeded 10 inches. The horizontal circumference is 

 23 inches. But this great circumference arises largely 

 from the vast development of the supraciliary ridges, 

 though the perimeter of the brain case itself is not small. 

 The large supraciliary ridges give the forehead a far more 

 retreating appearance than its internal contour would 

 bear out. 



To an anatomical eye the posterior part of the skull is 

 even more striking than the anterior. The occipital pro- 

 tuberance occupies the extreme posterior end of the skull, 

 when the glabello-occipital line is made horizontal, and so 

 far from any part of the occipital region extending beyond 

 it, this region of the skull slopes obliquely upward and 

 forward, so that the lambdoidal suture is situated well 

 upon the upper surface of the cranium. At the same 

 time, notwithstanding the great length of the skull, the 

 sagittal suture is remarkably short (4 inches), and the 

 squamosal suture is very straight. 



