LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 71 



veins between the anals very rarely present but obvious in a few Cos- 

 sidae and Psychidag between 1st A and 2d A of the fore wing, and 

 visible at the base of the wing in a few low Tineids. Secondary veins 

 rare, present on the inner margin of the fore wing of the Megalopy- 

 gidas, and near the base of the costa of the hind wing of most Lasio- 

 campidas (fig. 428), where they are known as numerals, one of them, per- 

 haps, being the true humeral. Humeral vein often present; when the 

 frenulum is present usually running across to its base. Costal edge 

 thickened out to the point of origin of the frenulum, being a rudiment 

 of vein C. Frenulum lost in several of the higher families, either in 

 part or all of the genera; when present, it is practically always single, 

 in the male, running through a membranous retinaculum attached 

 just below the costal edge of the fore wing; in the female, however, 

 usually multiple, formed of two to many bristles, and held in place 

 by stiff hair-scales projecting down from Sc and R, and up from 

 below Cu of the fore wing. Frenulum occasionally single in the 

 female also. 



Caterpillar with the seta? ia and ib of the thorax vertically placed, 

 on the abdomen with i anterior to ii; thorax normally with v lower 

 than iii and iv; abdomen with iv level with the spiracle or lower, 

 and iv, v, and vi not lying in an oblique line; iiia and x minute; pro- 

 legs rarely either modified or absent; body often with tufted or 

 secondary seta?. Maxillary palpus with only two free segments; four 

 anterior ocelli, when present, arranged in a semicircle. When only 

 a single ocellus occurs, it is on the side of the face. 



In boring larvae, the structures are usually normal; but leaf-miners 

 may be exceptions to most of the characters given in this definition. 



Pupa with head-sclerites more or less completely fused; meta- 

 thorax smaller than in Jugataa and thoracic segments never free, but 

 in other particulars varying from forms with almost the structure 

 of the Jugataa, to forms with all the parts soldered together. 



The Frena'taa have been derived from a Jugate type intermediate 

 between the three surviving families; the Rhopalocera are derived 

 from primitive Frenatas in the neighborhood of the Cossida3, as is 

 indicated bv a series of intermediate exotic forms. 



