320 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES 



M 3 , Cu 1? and Cu 2 almost always parallel and subequal in length, from 

 an oblique lower outer end of cell. 1st A rudimentary at the base, 

 but frequently developed as a normal vein at the margin ; this marginal 

 piece being sometimes very short, and often apparently wholly sepg* 

 rate from the rudimentary base, arising out of 2d A (fig. 184). 2d A 

 forked at its base, the lower fork occasionally rudimentary. Hind 

 wing narrower, lanceolate to linear, fringe one and one-half to eight 

 times as wide as the membrane. A costal tuft of bristles toward the 

 base, with the margin concave beyond it. Sc free from R, but occa- 

 sionally connected by a cross vein (R x ). (In a couple of exotic species 

 Sc is extremely short and R x appears as a free vein running to the 

 costa) R and M x more or less convergent at their origin; approximate 

 (usually closely), connate, or stalked; M! occasionally stalked with 

 M 2 , and the cell often open below them; M 3 distinctly separated from 

 CUu usually connected by a long oblique cross-vein parallel to the 

 dorsal margin. The anal region reduced, usually with rudiments of 

 the normal veins; 2d A forked when distinct. (When the hind wing 

 is linear the veins are much reduced and their connections often 

 uncertain). 



The caterpillars are quite insufficiently known; they include leaf- 

 miners, stem-borers, seed-eaters, and, more rarely, leaf-rollers. 

 Batrachedra and Pyroderces include some scavengers. A large pro- 

 portion are associated with the Onagraceae. 



Caterpillar (fig. 194) with head small and depressed, adfrontal 

 sclerites not quite reaching vertex, ocelli close together; body-seta 

 small; ninth segment of abdomen with setae ii farther apart on mid- 

 dle line than they are from i, and i, ii, and iii in a vertical line; 

 thoracic coxae twice as far apart as their width, prolegs also far 

 apart, with hooks in a complete circle, normally biordinal. Pupae 

 various, but normally with the clypeal suture complete, a quad- 

 rangular prothorax not narrowed at the middle, the palpi and the 

 femora fully exposed, and maxillary palpi large, nearly or quite reach- 

 ing the tongue. Antennae meeting on the middle line well before the 

 wing-tip, but not again diverging; cremaster with stout spines. 



In Chrysopeleia the characters are nearly those of Aphelosetia, throw- 

 ing some doubt on the position of the genus. In that genus the labial 

 and maxillary palpi and the femora are wholly concealed; there are 

 only a few short straight cremastral setae, and the wing cases etc., are 

 soldered to the body as far as the seventh abdominal segment, so that 

 there is probably no motion ; but the clypeal suture is as in the Laver- 

 nidae. Cosmopteryx has the prothorax narrowing in the middle line, 

 the maxillary palpi exposed, but the labials and femora concealed, the 

 clypeal suture lost, and a single movable segment. Its cremaster has 

 hooked setae. 



