L/EPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 517 



secondary cross vein beyond end of cell; base of M developed, forked; 

 all three anals strong and complete ; the second shortly forked at base. 

 Egg of upright type, with longitudinal ribs and reticulate micropyle 

 in the Cossinae ; of flat type, oval and smooth, in the Zeuzerinre. Larvae 

 boring, usually in solid wood, the smaller species more often in her- 

 baceous perennials; as a rule spending two or more years in the larva 

 stage. Larva (fig. 296) stout, with a relatively small head, held hori- 

 zontally; shields and tubercles large and heavily chitinized; labrum 

 hardly notched, mandibles very large, and projecting forward. Ocelli 

 normal. Front not reaching more than half way to vertex; adf rentals 

 short in Zeuzera, reaching to the slightly cleft vertex in Cossus. Body- 

 setae as in other Tortricoidea ; setae ii of ninth segment of abdomen at 

 least as far apart as on other segments ; setae iii of abdomen duplicated 

 in Cossus. Prolegs with hooks variable. 



Pupa incomplete, with second segment of abdomen fixed ; mandibles 

 separately chitinized; head sutures mostly distinct; dorsal headpiece 

 rudimentary but carrying the eye pieces on dehiscence; front with a 

 specialized cocoon-breaker in the Zeuzerinae; maxillary palpi separate 

 in Cossus, imperfectly separated in Zeuzerinae; antennas not reaching 

 end of legs, widely separated; tongue very short, the two halves sepa- 

 rated by the labial palpi in the Cossinae.' Base of labium well developed, 

 and palpi fully exposed. Cremaster not developed; end of abdomen 

 more or less truncate, with a group of angulate projections. Early 

 stages of Hypoptinae not studied. 



This is in many ways, notably in venation, one of the most primitive 

 families of Lepidoptera, and at the same time is the base of a series 

 leading directly to the butterflies. The only definite butterfly character 

 in this family is the upright egg of the Cossinae. In the Castniidae 

 (fig. 297) the tongue, which is lost in the Cossidaa, is preserved; the 

 habits have become butterfly-like; the upper fork of M is lost; the 

 wings have become ample and the cell relatively small; and the 

 antennae are clubbed. In the Neocastniidae, which are in other ways 

 aberrant, R x has become stalked beyond the origin of R 4+3 , as in pupae 

 of butterflies. The Euschemonidaa have lost the base of M and 1st A 

 in both wings, differing from our local skippers only in the more woolly 

 vestiture and the presence of the frenulum. They also have the skipper 

 type of larva, with secondary hair, and well-set-off head. 



Key to the genera 



1. 1st A and 2d A connected by a cross vein near margin 1. Givira. 



1. 1st A and 2d A free. 

 2. Lower fork of base of M running across to dorsal margin of cell; male 



antennae pectinate halfway to apex 4. Zeuzera. 



2. Both branches of base of M ending in outer margin of cell; male antennae 

 pectinate to apex. 



