LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 669 



plate. Pupa in a cocoon (except in Hemileuca), which is often com- 

 plex in structure. Cremaster simple when present, often represented 

 merely by a tuft of hooked setae or absent; surface not spinose; meta- 

 thorax without subdorsal tubercles, but often with a broad depression 

 where it abuts on the wing. Abdominal segments frequently without 

 flanges and telescoping when dried. 



A large tropical family of very striking moths. Automeris is in 

 many ways (save in the loss of 3d A), the most primitive genus. Hemi- 

 leuca is derived from nearly the same point, the others (Saturniinae 

 or Attacinae) are more specialized and rather closely related. All but 

 Hemileuca hibernate in the pupa. 



1. HEMILEUCA Walker 

 (Euchromia Packard; Saturnia, in part) 



Male antennae singly bipectinate, of about 40 segments, female shortly pectinate, 

 with about four simple joints at base. Vestiture of longer and looser hair than 

 usual; fore tibia with a terminal claw. Abdomen usually slightly exceeding hind 

 wings, with a terminal red tuft in male. Fore wing (fig. 416) with evenly rounded 

 apex and outer margin, R, lost, upper discocellular short, but longer than middle 

 discocellular, and longitudinal. 3d A tubular, joining 2d A. Hind wing with 3d A 

 more than half as long as 2d A, normal, the wing crumpled next to body. Scaling 

 thin, a mixture of forked and trifid scales and hair scales, making the wings trans- 

 lucent, especially in H. lucina. Markings characteristic. 



Eggs laid in a large cluster (100) about a twig. Larvae (fig 418) social and 

 marching in procession when young, gradually scattering as they grow up, usually 

 solitary in last stage. In all stages (except possibly when very small) with bushy 

 branching spines tipped with nettling hairs, the two subdorsal rows on abdomen 

 distinctly shorter than the others; and in the first stage each tipped with a long 

 primary hair; mid-dorsal spines on both eighth and ninth segment of abdomen. 



Our species both have a black ground color, with yellow dots at the bases of 

 the secondary hairs, most of the spines black, but the subdorsal row mostly rust- 

 red. In some specimens the light dots become confluent. 



Pupa with flanges on anterior edge of movable segments, normally with cremas- 

 teral hooks, but pupating at the surface of the ground without forming any 

 cocoon. Hibernation in the egg. 



Sometimes pupae go into hibemation and do not emerge until the following year. 



1. H. maia Drury (Crape moth, buck moth). Smoky black, a cream median 

 band, normally covering a third of the wings, but often narrow, and absent on 

 the fore wing in ab. lintneri Packard. Discal spots large, black with central white 

 lunules. Hind wing similar. Thorax and abdomen black, with very little or no 

 white hair; posterior thoracic tuft and anal tuft of male red; collar partly yellow. 

 50-65 mm. (H 11:1.) 



Common locally on oak barrens, flying very swiftly by day in September and 

 October. Caterpillar almost always on scrub oak, black, dusted with light yellow, 

 the dusting heavier above and gradually fading out on the sides; dorsal tubercles 

 largely black, but red at base. In the South a yellow form of the caterpillar seems 

 to occur with the black concentrated into a subdorsal band, and contrasting red 

 dorsal spines. Head red. 



Massachusetts to Colorado and south. New York: Karner, Albany, and general 

 on Long Island. 



H. latifascia Barnes and McDunnough appears intermediate between maia and 



