LECTUEE VI. 

 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 



§ 1. What Is 'Behaviour? § 2. Diverse Views as to Animal Be- 

 haviour. § 3. Activities of Unicellular Organisms. § 4. Spe- 

 cial Case of Shell-building among Arenaceous Foraminifera 

 § 5. Reflex Actions. § 6. Tropisms. § 7. Non-intelligent 

 Experimentation. § 8. Instinctive Behaviour. § 9. Theories 

 of Instinct. § 10. Evidence of Intelligent Behaviour. § 11. 

 Secondary Simplifications of Behaviour. § 12. Rational Con- 

 duct. § 13. General Impressions of Animal Behaviour. 



In our preceding studies we reached the conclusion that 

 a matter-and-motion description of living creatures is far 

 from being adequate, that it does not grip the kernel. While 

 organisms are collocations of matter and energy, there has 

 welled up within them a new aspect of reality which de- 

 mands other than mechanical, chemical, and physical con- 

 cepts. Wherein the newness precisely consists we have not 

 discovered; but we recognise the living creature as a historic 

 being which has enregistered the experiences and experi- 

 ments of the past, which trades to good purpose with time, 

 which has its conative bow often bent. In the hope of a 

 further appreciation of the significance of life we turn now 

 to a more systematic consideration of animal behaviour. 



§ 1. What Is Behaviour? 



The movements of the planets in their courses afford an 

 object-lesson of orderliness on a grand scale, and yet the least 

 in the realm of organisms is greater than they — in being 

 an agent. The movements of a rolling stone are completely 



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