206 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 



and mammals probably has its seat in parts of the brain 

 below the cerebral cortex. But the lower centres stimulate 

 the higher centres and intelligence qualifies the instinctive 

 behaviour. 



On Prof. Lloyd Morgan's view, intelligent guidance is the 

 function of the cerebral cortex w^th its distinguishing prop- 

 erty of consciousness; the co-ordination involved in instinc- 

 tive behaviour, and in the distribution of physiological im- 

 pulses to the viscera and vascular system is the primary 

 function of the lower brain-centres ; in instinctive behaviour 

 as such, consciousness correlated with processes in the cere- 

 bral cortex is, so to speak, a mere spectator of organic and 

 biological occurrences at present beyond its control ; but, as 

 spectator, it receives information of these occurrences through 

 the nerve-channels of connection between the lower and the 

 higher parts of the brain. Thus instinct and intelligence 

 are different organs, but they co-operate, and as intelligence 

 is kept more or less informed of the steps of instinctive 

 behaviour it is sometimes on the spot to help the animal out 

 if some critical situation arise which the routine-behaviour 

 cannot meet. 



Some who think that it is feasible to interpret instinctive 

 behaviour biologically as a concatenation of reflexes are at 

 the same time willing to admit that there may be a psychical 

 accompaniment which does not rise to the cognitive level. 

 Thus Minkiewicz, who has made very important experiments 

 on animal behaviour, regards instinctive performance as im- 

 plying '' a certain low form of unconscious, but none the less 

 purposive psychical activity ", 



(B) Others regard instinctive behaviour as inseparable 

 from intelligent behaviour. Thus Professor Stout regards in- 

 stinctive behaviour as being biologically a concatenated series 



