CONTENTS. 



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PAGE 



5 3. The cause of a phenomenon is the assem- 

 blage of its conditions 237 



4. The distinction of agent and patient illu- 

 sory 241 



6. Case in which the effect consists in giving 

 a property to an object 243 



6. The cause is not the invariable antecedent, 



but the unconditional invariable anteced- 

 ent 244 



7. Can a cause be simultaneous with its ef- 



fect? 247 



8. Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original nat- 



ural agent 248 



9. Uniformities of co- existence between ef- 



fects of different permanent causes, are 

 not laws 251 



10. Theory of the Conservation of Force 251 



11. Doctrine that volition Is an efficient cause, 



examined 255 



Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes. 

 § 1. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, 



the mechanical and the chemical 266 



2. The composition of causes the general 



rule ; the other case exceptional 268 



3. Are effects proportional to their causes?. . 270 



Chapteb VII. Of Observation and Experiment 

 § 1. The first step of inductive inquiry is a men- 

 tal analysis of complex phenomena into 

 their elements 272 



2. The next is an actual separation of those 



elements 273 



3. Advantages of experiment over observa- 



tion 274 



4. Advantages of observation over experi- 



ment 276 



CuAPTEU VIII. Of the Four Methods of Expcri- 

 WAintal Inquiry. 



51. Method of Agreement 278 



2. Method of Difference 280 



3. Mutual relation of these two methods 281 



4. JointMethodof Agreement and Difference. 283 

 6. Method of Residues 284 



6. Method of Concomitant Variations 285 



7. Limitations of this last method 289 



Chaptek IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four 



Methods. 

 § 1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons 292 



2. Theory of induced electricity 294 



3. Dr.Wells's theory of dew 290 



4. Dr. Brown-Seqnard's theory of cadaveric 



rigidity 301 



5. Examples of the Method of Residues 305 



6. Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four 



Methods 307 



CuAPTEK X. Of Plurality of Causes ; and of the 



Intermixture of Effects. 

 § 1. One effect may have several causes.. ...... 311 



2. — which is the source of a characteristic 



imperfection of the Method of Agree- 

 ment 311 



3. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained 314 



4. Concurrence of Causes which do not com- 



pound their effects 315 



5. Difficulties of the investigation, when 



causes compound their effects. 317 



PAGE 



5 6. Three modes of investigating the laws of 



complex effects 320 



7. The method of simple observation inap- 



plicable 321 



8. The purely experimental method inappli- 



cable 322 



CuAPTEE XI. Of the Deductive Method. 



§1. First stage; ascertainment of the laws of 



the separate causes by direct induction. . 325 



2. Second stage ; ratiocination from the sim- 



ple laws of the complex cases 328 



3. Third stage ; verification by specific expe- 



rience 329 



CuAPTEB XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Na- 

 ture. 



51. Explanation defined 332 



2. First mode of explanation, by resolving the 



law of a complex effect into the laws of 

 the concurrent causes and the fact of 

 their co-existence 332 



3. Second mode ; by the detection of an in- 



termediate link in the .sequence 332 



4 Laws are always resolved into laws more 

 general than themselves 333 



5. Third mode ; the subsumption of less gen- 



eral laws under a more general one 335 



6. What the explanation of a law of nature 



amounts to 337 



CuAPTEB XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of tlie Ex- 

 planation of Laws of Nature. 



§ 1. The general theories of the sciences 338 



2. Examples from chemical speculations 339 



3. Example from Dr. Brown- Sequard's re- 



searches on the nervous system 310 



4. Examples of following newly -discovered 



laws into their complex manifestations.. 341 



5. Examples of empirical generalizations, af- 



terward confirmed and explained deduct- 

 ively 342 



6. Example from mental science 343 



7. Tendency of all the sciences to become de- 



, ductive 344 



CuAPTER XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation 

 of Laws of Nature ; and of Hypotheses. 



5 1. Can all the sequences in nature be resolva- 

 ble into one law? 345 



2. Ultimate laws can not be less numerous 

 than the distinguishable feelings of our 

 nature 34C 



5. In what sense ultimate facts can be ex- 



plained 349 



4. The proper use of scientific hypotheses.... 349 



6. Their indispensableness 353 



6. The two degrees of legitimacy in hypoth- 



eses 355 



7. Some inquiries apparently hypothetical are 



really inductive 359 



Chapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the 



Continued Action of Causes. 

 § 1. How a progressive effect results from the 



simple continuance of the cause 361 



2. — and from the progressiveuess of the 



cause 363 



3. Derivative laws generated from a single 



ultimate law 365 



