XIV 



CONTENTS. 



PAGK 



5 2. Non - observation of instances, and non- 

 observation of circnmstances 638 



S. Examples of the former 539 



4. — and of the latter. 542 



5. Mal-observation characterized and exem- 



plified 545 



Chaptee V. Fallacies of Generalization. 



il. Character of the class 547 



2. Certain kinds of generalization must al- 



ways be groundless 547 



3. Attempts to resolve phenomena radically 



different into the same 548 



4. Fallacy of mistaking empirical for casual 



laws 649 



5. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deduct- 



ive fallacy corresponding to it 551 



6. Fallacy of False Analogies 553 



7. Function of metaphors in reasoning 557 



8. How fallacies of generalization grow out 



of bad classification 568 



Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination. 

 5 1. Introductory Remarks ^ 659 



2. Fallacies in the conversion and aeqnipol- 



lency of propositions 659 



3. — in the syllogistic process 5G0 



4. Fallacy of changing the premises 501 



CnAPTEn VII. Fallacies of Confusion. 



S 1. Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms 5G3 



2. — of Petitio Principii 570 



3. — of Ignoratio Elenchi 576 



BOOK VI. 



ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCI- 

 ENCES. 



Chaptek I. Introductory Remarks. 

 §1. The backward state of the Moral Sciences 

 can only be remedied by applying to them 

 the methods of Physical Science, duly ex- 

 tended and generalized 579 



2. How far this can be attempted in the pres- 

 ent work 580 



Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessitij. 



§1. Are human actions subject to the law of 



causality ? 581 



2. The doctrine commonly called Philosoph- 



ical Necessity, in what sense true 581 



3. In appropriateness and pernicious effect of 



the terra Necessity 583 



4. A motive not always the anticipation of a 



pleasure or a pain 585 



Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of 

 Hur)ian Nature. 



5 1. There may be sciences which are not exact 



sciences 580 



2. To what scientific type the Science of Hu- 

 man Nature corresponds 688 



Chaptek IV. Of the Laws of Mind. 



5 1. What is meant by Laws of Mind 689 



2. Is there a Science of Psychology ? 590 



PAGE 



§3. The principal investigations of Psychology 



characterized 591 



4. Eelation of mental facts to physical con- 

 ditions 694 



Cu APTER V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the For- 

 mation of Character. 

 5 1. The Empirical Laws of Human Nature 596 



2. — are merely approximate generalizations. 



The universal laws' are those of the for- 

 mation of character 697 



3. The laws of the formation of character can 



not be ascertained by observation and 

 experiment 599 



4. — but must be studied deductively 601 



6. The principles of Ethology are the axio- 



mata media of mental science 603 



6. Ethology characterized 604 



Cuapter VI. General Considerations on the Social 

 Science, 



§ 1. Are Social Phenomena a subject of Sci- 

 ence ? 606 



2. Of what nature the Social Science must 

 be 607 



Chapter VII. Of the Chemical or Experimental 

 Method in the Social Science. 



§1. Characters of the mode of thinking which 

 deduces political doctrines from specific 

 experience 608 



2. In the Social Science experiments are im- 



possible 610 



3. — the Method of Difference inapplicable., 610 



4. — and the Methods of Agreement, and of 



Concomitant Variations, inconclusive 611 



6. The Method of Residues also inconclusive, 

 and presupposes Deduction 612 



Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract 



Method. 

 § 1. Characters of this mode of thinking 614 



2. Examples of the Geometrical Method 615 



3. The interest-philosophy of the Bentham 



school 616 



Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive 

 Method. 



§ 1. The Direct and Inverse Deductive Meth- 

 ods 619 



2. Difflcnlties of the Direct Deductive Meth- 



od in the Social Science 621 



3. To what extent the diflerent branches of 



sociological speculation can be studied 

 apart. Political Economy characterized. 623 



4. Political Ethology, or the science of nation- 



al character 626 



5. The Empirical Laws of the Social Sci- 



ence 628 



6. The Verification of the Social Science 629 



Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical 

 Method. 



§ 1. Distinction between the general Science of 

 Society, and special sociological inquiries. 630 



2. What is meant by a State of Society f 631 



3. The Progressiveness of Man and Society.. 631 



4. The laws of the succession of states of so- 



ciety can only be ascertained by the In- 

 verse Deductive Method 633 



