5^» 



PHANEROGAMS. 



way. In Jimiperus co^jununis even the ovules, here the representatives of whole 

 leaves, are arranged in alternating whorls. But, occasionally, as in Taxus, greater 

 differences are to be observed in the phyllotaxis of the flowering shoot as compared 

 with that of the foliage-shoots. 



The Male Flowers always consist of a distinctly elongated axis provided with 

 staminal leaves, and ending above in a naked apex (Fig. 349 A). The stamens are 

 mostly more delicate and of a different colour from the foliage-leaves, and are usually 

 divided into a slender pedicel and a peltate lamina bearing the pollen-sacs on its 

 under side, as in Taxus, the Cupressineae, and Abietineae (Fig, 348 B^ 349 A, B, 

 350 A). The flat expansion at the end of the pedicel may, however, be entirely 

 absent, as in Salishuria (Fig. 347 C), where it is reduced to a small knob on which 

 the pollen-sacs hang. That the parts which bear the pollen-sacs in Coniferae are 

 beyond doubt metamorphosed leaves, is evident not only from their form, but still 



FiC. -i^T.—Salisbiiria adiajitt/olia (natural size). A a short secondary foliage-shoot with female flowers, on the naked axes 

 of which are placed the ovules sk ; B a male flower ; C part of one magnified, a the pollen-sacs ; D longitudinal section of 

 an ovule magnified ; E a ripe seed with an abortive one by its side on the floral axis. 



more from their arrangement, which has already been spoken of. If the staminal 

 leaves of the Cycadeae show a resemblance in more than habit to the sporangiferous 

 leaves of Ferns, those of Coniferae may perhaps be compared to the peltate scales that 

 bear the sporangia of Equisetaceae ; and not unfrequently, as in Tax us, Juniperus, 

 &c,, the resemblance of the male flowers to the inflorescence of Equiseiwn is as 

 striking in external appearance as in the actual agreement between them from a 

 morphological point of view. The pollen-sacs usually hang, with a narrow base, on 

 the under side of their support, and do not cohere in their growth ; their number is 

 usually much smaller than in Cycadeae, but much more variable than in Angio- 

 sperms ; in the Yew the peltate part of the staminal leaf bears from three to eight, 

 in the Juniper and most Cupressineae three roundish pollen-sacs (Figs. 348, 349). 

 Those of Pinus, Abies, and their allies lie in pairs parallel or placed obliquely to 

 one another, right and left of the pedicel, which here resembles the connective of 



