5o« 



PHANEROGAMS. 



consist of one or more closed chambers in which the ovules are formed ; the lower, 

 hollow, swollen part of each separate seed- chamber which encloses the ovules is 

 called the Ovary ; the place or the mass of tissue from which the ovules spring 

 directly into the ovary is a Placen/a. Above the ovary the seed-vessel narrows 

 into one or more thin stalk-like structures or Styles, which bear the Sltgmas ; these 

 are glandular swellings or expansions of various forms which retain the pollen that 

 is carried to them, and by means of the moisture which is excreted from them induce 

 the emission of the pollen -tubes. 



Fig. ■iZ'2—Bntonttis iimbellatiis : A flower (natural size) ; B the gyn;uceum (magnified), the perianth and stamens removed, 

 n the stigmas; C horizontal section through three of tlie monocarpellary ovaries, each carpel bearing on its inside a number of 

 ovules ; D a young ovule ; h an ovule immediately before fertilisation, i i the integuments, K the nucellus, KSxhe. raphe, etn the 

 embryo-sac ; F horizontal section through the stigmatic portion of a carpel (strongly magnified), pollen-grains attached to the 

 stigmatic hairs ; G horizontal section of a quadrilocular anther, but the valves z are so separated at h that it then appears 

 bilocular; A'^ part of an anther-lobe (corresponding to /S in G),y the point where it has become detached from the connective, 

 tfthe epidermis, jr the fibrous layer of cells (endothecium) ; / diagram of the entire flower; the perianth // consists of two 

 alternate whorls of three leaves, as also does the androecium, but the stamens of the outer whorl /"are double, those of the inner 

 whoriy simple and thicker ; the gynaeceum also consists of two whorls of three carpels, an outer c and an inner whorl c' ; there 

 are therefore six alternate whorls of three, the members of the first staminal whorl being doubled. 



The Gynaeceum is ahvays the final structure of the flower. When the floral 

 axis has attained a sufficient length, the gynaeceum is formed at its apex ; if the axis 

 is flat, disc-like, or expanded, it stands in the centre of the flower ; if it is hollowed 

 out or cup-shaped, the gynaeceum is placed at the bottom of the hollow, in the centre 

 of which lies the apical point of the floral axis. In the diagram of the flower, 

 Figs. 382 /, and 384 B, where each outer circle represeiits a lower transverse section, 

 and each inner circle a higher one, the gynaeceum necessarily appears always as 

 the innermost central structure of the flower, the longitudinal displacements on the 

 floral axis being neglected in the construction of the diagram. 



