6l6 PHANEROGAMS. 



6. The SUiqua consists of two carpels which form a bilocuhir fruit with a 



longitudinal (spurious) dissepiment ; the two halves of the pericarp 

 separate from the dissepiment and the placentae which remain behind 

 {re-plum) ; Ouciferae. 



7. The Capsule (in the narrower sense of the term) results from a poly- 



carpellary unilocular or multilocular ovary, and splits longitudinally 

 into two or more lobes and valves, which separate from one another 

 only partially from the apex downwards (as in Cerastium), or entirely 

 to the base. If, in a multilocular fruit, the fissures cause the dis- 

 sepiments themselves to split, the dehiscence is septicidal (as in 

 Colchicum) ; if, on the contrary, the fissure is in the middle between 

 each pair of dissepiments (/. e. along the dorsal suture of the carpels), 

 the dehiscence is loculicidal (as in Tulipa and Hibiscus) ; if again a 

 part or the whole of each dissepiment remains attached to a central 

 column (which in the latter case is winged), from which the valves 

 become detached, the dehiscence is septifragal (as in Datura)^. If 

 the capsule results from a unilocular polycarpellary ovary, the 

 separation of the valves may take place either at the sutures cor- 

 responding to the septicidal dehiscence (as in Gentiana), or in the 

 middle between them, corresponding to the loculicidal dehiscence 

 (as in Fiola). 



(/3) Capsules with transverse dehiscence : — 



8. The Pyxidium opens by the separation of an upper part of the pericarp 



which falls off like a lid, while the lower part remains attached 

 to the flower-stalk in the form of an urn {e.g. Plantago, Hyoscy- 

 amus, Anagallis). 



(y) Capsules opening by pores : — 



9. The term Pore-capsule might be given to those in which openings of 



small size result from small valves becoming detached at certain 

 points of the pericarp ; the small seeds being shaken out by the 

 wind through these openings {e.g. Papanjer, Antirrhinum). 



B. Succulent Fruits. The tissue of the pericarp or certain layers of it remain 

 succulent until the fruit is ripe, or assume a fleshy pulpy texture. 



c. Succulent Indehiscent Fruits. The succulent pericarp does not burst, and 

 the seeds therefore do not escape. 



10. The Drupe or Stone-fruit. A mesocarp of fleshy texture and usually 



considerable thickness lies within a thin epicarp ; the endocarp 

 forms a thick hard layer (the stone, called also the putamen) which 

 usually encloses only one seed with a membranous testa (the Plum, 

 Cherry, Peach, &c.). 



11. 1 he Berry. The rest of the tissue of the pericarp is developed in the 



form of a succulent pulp within a more or less tough or hard 

 epicarp, the seeds being imbedded in the pulp and surrounded by a 

 firm or even hard testa. The berry is distinguished in general from 

 the drupe by the absence of a hard endocarp, and usually contains 

 more than one seed (as the Currant, Gourd, Pomegranate, Potato- 

 berry), but sometimes only one (as the Date). Closely resembling 

 the berry is the fruit of the various species of Citrus., sometimes 

 called Hesperidium, the pericarp of which consists of a leathery 



* [Septifragal dehiscence may take place either septicidally (as in Rhododendron, Kalniia) or 

 loculicidally {Datura).] * 



