INTRODUCTION. xxi 



only represented by a small cartilage imbedded in the flesh, but it may 

 be considerably larger in Lycaon pictus *. 



The upper arm-bone, or humerus, has a large olecranal perforation, 

 but no supra-condyloid canal f. In the forearm the radius and ulna 

 are placed more one in front of the other than in Feline animals, the 

 paw in the Canida not being susceptible of being so turned in different 

 directions as in the Cat, which in this matter more approximates to the 

 human structure. 



The bones of the wrist and ankle, the carpus and the tarsus, are 

 much as in most Carnivora |, but the metacarpal and metatarsals 

 are relatively long, and the terminal bone, or phalanx, of each digit 

 has a much less prominent lamella for sheltering the root of the claw 

 than have those Carnivora the claws of which are retractile. 



The pollex has always two phalanges, save in Lycaon. The hallux 

 is generally represented by a rudimentary metatarsal bone, and siill 

 more rudimentary phalanx, which latter may be wanting altogether. 

 By rare exception there may be two phalanges, the metatarsal being 

 attached to the tarsus as usual. In that abnormal structure called a 

 " dew-claw," often found in Domestic Dogs, there is a rudimentary 

 metatarsal bearing two phalanges, the whole being detached from the 

 tarsus, and lying beside the median part of the second, or index, meta- 

 tarsal. 



A triangular plate of fibro-cartilage, or of dense fibrous structure 

 only, is often or always attached to the anterior margin of the pubis, 

 and is a noteworthy and interesting structure || . 



* See Hartmann in Sitzungsb. d. Gesellsch. natur. Freunde Berlin, 1876, p. 168. 



t See ' The Cat,' pp. 91 & 92, fig. 53. 



i The extra carpal ossicle has been found, by Professor Flower, between the 

 scaphoid and lunare and the more distal carpals (see ' Journal of Anatomy and Physio- 

 logy,' 1871, p. 62). See also a paper on the Carpus by Dr. Burt G. Wilder in the 

 Bulletin of the Cornell University (Science), vol. i. no. 3, p. 301 (1874). 



See ' The Cat,' pp. 96 & 113. 



II It was described by Professor Huxley (see his 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' p. 417) as 

 a fibro-cartilage. He subsequently found this represented by fibrous tissue only, in a 

 male and female Dog and a male and female Fox (see Proc. Koyal Soc. vol. xxx. 

 1881, p. 162). He also found it in G. mesomelas and C.bengalensis (see Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. 1880, p. 264). 



