xxviii INTRODUCTION. 



the interval between the canine and the first premolar. The hard 

 palate has curved transverse ridges, notched at the edge. The thin soft 

 palate hardly forms a uvula. 



The tongue is long and very movable. It is narrow towards its 

 hinder end, rounded in front, with thin edges and a median longitudinal 

 depression. The conical papillae are generally small and closely set, 

 but are larger at the tip, edges, and base of the tongue. The fungiform 

 papillae are numerous, and scattered over the sides and front of the 

 tongue, but they are not conspicuous. There are but two, moderate- 

 sized circumvallate papillae. Beneath the front of the tongue is what is 

 known as the " worm " or Ly tta*. It is about a quarter of the length 

 of the tongue. The belief that this structure is in any way prejudicial, 

 and that it should be removed is, of course, utterly absurd and 

 groundless. 



The oesophagus, or gullet, extends about two inches (in a good-sized 

 dog) beyond the diaphragm. The stomach has its cardiac and pyloric 



Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 



Caecum of Dog Caecum of Icticyon venaticus. 



(as in most species). (After Flower.) 



* For a description of the structure of this organ, see a paper by Dr. Scott in the 

 ' Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,' vol. xiv. p. 288. 



