THE HOESE. 



43 



Into a body, external convexity ; internal 

 concavity, a superior and inferior termina- 

 tion ; anterior and posterior edges. 



Q. What do you understand when the 

 term, head, is applied to a rib ? — A. It 

 signifies its protuberance — its superior 

 portion; presenting a smooth convexity for 

 articulation with the bodies of vertabree. 



Q. Where is the neck of a rib situated ? 

 A. Immediately below the head. 



Q. What is the difference between the 

 anterior and posterior edges of the ribs ? — 

 A. The anterior edge is circular and the 

 posterior is sharp. 



Q. Where is the tubercle of the rib 

 situated ? — A. Posterior to the head ; at 

 the root of the neck. 



Q. How is the first rib distinguished 

 from the rest ? — A. It is the shortest and 

 thickest, and is almost straight. 



Q. How does the second rib differ from 

 the first ? — A. It is longer, less dense, 

 and has a greater curvature in the region of 

 its neck. 



Q. How do the ribs differ from the 

 second to the seventh ? — A. They increase 

 in breadth. 



Q. How do they differ in length ? — A. 

 Up to the ninth. 



Q. How do they differ in curvature ? — 

 A. Gradually up to the eighteenth, which 

 is the most curved of all. 



BREAST BONE (sTERNUM). 



Q. What is the situation of the sternum? 

 — A. It occupies the anterior and inferior 

 portion of the thorax. 



Q. How does it differ from the human 

 sternum ? — A. In the human subject it is 

 composed of three pieces ; in the adult 

 horse it is considered as a single bone. It 

 is made up, however, of seven irregularly 

 formed bones. 



Q. What is the structure of the ster- 

 num ? — A. It is composed of an osseous 

 cellular substance and cartilages. 



Q. Name the cartilages ? — A. Ensi- 

 form and cariniform. 



Q. What is the use of the cariniform 

 cartilage ? — A. It affords attachment to 



the sterno-maxillares and sterno-thyro-hy 

 oidei muscles. 



Q. To what part of the sternum is the 

 ensiform cartilage inserted? — A. To its in- 

 ferior and posterior part. 



Having now considered the bones of the 

 head (with the exception of the teeth), and 

 hyoides (appendages), spine, thorax, and 

 pelvis, we now commence on the bones 

 composing the extremities. These are four 

 in number, disposed in pairs, and known 

 as the fore and hind extremities. Our 

 examination will be conducted with refer- 

 ence only to one fore, and one hind, ex- 

 tremity ; presuming that a description of the 

 bones on one side will suffice for those on 

 the other. 



FORE EXTREMITIES. 



Q. What is the situation of the fore 

 extremities ? — A. They occupy the antero- 

 lateral parts of the trunlv, from which they 

 proceed inferiorly. 



Q. How are the bones divided ? — A. 

 Into shoulder, arm, knee, leg, pastern, coro- 

 net, and foot. 



Q. Name the bones composing each 



region 



A. 



SHOULDER BONES. 



Scapula, Humerus. 



ARM BOXES. 



Radius, Ulnar. 



BOXES OF THE KNEE. 



^ f* Scaphoid, 

 (§ J Lunar, 

 ■g I Cuneiform, 

 tn l^Trapeziun. 



i f Pisiform, 



es 1 Trapezoid, 



1 j Os Magnum, 



§ I Unciform. 



en N 



BONES OF THE LEG. 



Large Metacarpal. 

 Two small Metacarpal (splents). 



IN THE REGION OF THE FETLOCK. 



Two Sessamoid Bones. 



PASTERN BONE. 



Os SufEi-aginis. 



CORONET BONE. 



Os Corona. 



FOO"^ BONES. 



Navicular and Coffin-bones. 



