80 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF 



continue the incision along the lateral part 

 of ihc dorso lumbar spines until the coccyx 

 is reached; the overlapping portion can 

 then be dissected, and turned over to the 

 off-side, so as to expose the tendinous in- 

 sertions of the panniculus into the ligamcn- 

 tum nucha), etc., etc. The panniculus being 

 exposed, it may be divided into three parts, 

 viz.: 1st, The Cervical portion, which, com- 

 prises the head, neck, shoulders, and fore- 

 arms. 2nd, The Thoracic portion. 3rd, 

 The Abdominal portion. 



Having traced the attachments of the 

 panniculus, the muscles then engage our 

 attention ; they being composed of nearly 

 parallel fibres, the manner of displaying 

 them is indicated. The cellular tissue 

 should if possible be detached with the 

 sldn and panniculus ; without this precau- 

 tion the surface of some of the coarser 

 muscles would have a mangled appearance. 

 The knife should always follow the dnec- 

 tion of the muscular fibres, and the part on 

 which a muscle is to be dissected should be 

 placed, if possible, in such a situation as to 

 produce a forcible extension of that muscle ; 

 thus, in tracing the origin and insertion of 

 a muscle, the dissector becomes acquainted 

 with its use. 



After exposing the external layer of mus- 

 cles they may be detached from their in- 

 sertion, or divided in their centre ; if di- 

 vided, we thus preserve the two points of 

 origin and insertion. The deeper seated mus- 

 cles may be demonstrated in the same way. 



In the dissection of muscles the scalpel 

 should be used in a free and prompt man- 

 ner ; the strokes should be long and bold, 

 using the little finger to steady the move- 

 ment of the hand. In maldng autopsies 

 and in examining the viscera, the subject is 

 generally placed on his back. 



ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS. 



It is highly important that every student 

 should be acquainted with the methods of 

 maldng wet and dri/ preparations, and of 

 injecting the blood-vessels ; for specimens 

 of this Idnd are the best means of familiar- 

 izing us with the structures of quadrupeds, 



and such, when properly prepared, possess 

 a real and practical value. 



INJECTING INSTRUMENTS. 



Pole describes three kinds of instruments 

 used in making injected preparations. 



The first consists of a brass syringe, 

 made of various sizes ; the nozzle is adapted 

 to pipes into which the syringe is to be in- 

 serted ; a short pipe, with stop-cock, also 

 accompanies the syringe, which is to be 

 applied between the syringe and either of 

 the pipes. 



The second is a similar instrument, only 

 much smaller ; its pipe is very minute, and 

 its piston is fm*nished with a ring," so that 

 the thumb may be used to throw its con- 

 tents into a vessel. 



The third instrument is generally used 

 for injecting the glands and lymphatics with 

 quicksilver. It consists of a glass tube, 

 terminating with a steel end, and having an 

 extremely fine steel pipe, which screws on 

 to the latter. The syringe used by the 

 author of this work is one manufactured in 

 England (and can be found in some of our 

 agricultural stores), for the purpose of sjn:- 

 inging plants ; it has the most accurate 

 bore and finely-adjusted piston of any in- 

 strument now in use, and being of medium 

 size it can be used for either large or minute 

 injections. Some alterations, however, have 

 to be made in the nozzle and pipes fitted 

 accordingly. 



DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE SYRINGE. 



In using the syringe, a certain amount of 

 tact or experience is necessary, and the be- 

 ginner must not feel disappointed should he 

 fail in a first or second attempt ; for some 

 little oversight might frustrate the whole 

 process. Everything should be in readiness, 

 such as ligatures, forceps, scissors, sponge, 

 hot and cold water, etc. 



The pipes should be inserted into the ves- 

 sels, and confined there by strong ligatures; 

 and, before the syringe is inti'oduced, its noz- 

 zle must be turned upwards, and the piston 

 pressed until all the air and froth are ejected ; 

 then introduce the nozzle into the stop-pipe 



