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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OP 



body, a head, and a tail. The body of the 

 pancreas is that part stretched across the 

 middle lobe, whUc the head is longitudinally 

 extended, being almost parallel to the vena 

 portaB, and situated below and to the right 

 of that vessel. The head is broad ante- 

 riorly and rather narrow posteriorly, and 

 continuous from below upward, and from 

 right to left, then from behind forward, 

 to gain attachment to the body, so as to 

 form a ring for the passage of the vena 

 portae. The part to the left of this vein is 

 termed the tail of the pancreas. 



The pancreas is related by its superior 

 surface to the right, left, and Spigelian 

 lobes of the liver, also to the vena cava and 

 aorta, which separate it from the phrenic 

 crura. The posterior part of the head of 

 the pancreas is in relation with the right 

 supra-renal body. The tail of the pancreas 

 is stretched transversely to the branches of 

 the coeiac axis, and attached to the left 

 kidney by loose cellular tissue. The in- 

 ferior surface is in contact with the trans- 

 verse colon. 



On examining carefully the structure of 

 the gland, it is found to consist of clusters 

 of cells, from which ducts arise, and these 

 unite to form a main trunk, that is trace- 

 able back to the tail of the pancreas, in- 

 creasing in size till it reaches the anterior 

 extremity of the head, where it pierces the 

 duodenum together with the hepatic duct. 

 Besides these clusters of cells and ducts, 

 the gland contains connecting cellular 

 tissue. 



The pancreas is supplied with arterial 

 blood by branches from the three divisions 

 of the ccelic axis, as well as from the an- 

 terior mesenteric. 



The pancreatic veins empty themselves 

 into the splenic. 



The nerves are derived from the solar 

 plexus, and the lymphatics of the pancreas, 

 on issuing from the glandular substance, 

 may be traced to the common reservoir of 

 chyle and lymph. 



GENITO URINARY APPARATUS. 



Having already described the intra-abdo- 



minal portion of the alimentary canal, and 

 its accessories, I proceed to the considera- 

 tion of that portion of the genito-urinary 

 apparatus as contained within the abdomen, 

 in the widest acceptation of the latter 

 term. By this I mean the kidneys, and 

 with them, for anatomical convenience, I 

 classify the supra-renal capsules, then the 

 ureters, bladder, membranous portion of 

 the urethra, vasa deferentia, vesiculae semi- 

 nales, prostate and Cowper's glands, with 

 which I shall conclude. 



KIDNEYS. 



The kidneys are a pair of glands, whose 

 function it is to secrete urine. They are 

 distinguished as right and left, being both 

 situated in the lumbar region ; but, so far 

 as concerns their topographical anatomy, 

 notwithstanding their similarity in position, 

 they need separate notice. 



The right kidney is more anteriorly situ- 

 ated than the left, coming in contact with 

 the posterior part of the right lobe of the 

 liver, to which it is attached. It is also 

 fixed to the abdominal parietes by peri- 

 toneum, and to the spine by blood-vessels. 



Its shape is that of a bent ovoid, being 

 more symmetrical than the left. It has two 

 surfaces and two borders. 



Though differing in these marked general 

 characters, the kidneys resemble each other 

 in several equally obvious points of their 

 general anatomy. Both kidneys have a 

 peritoneal and an albugineous coat, both 

 have an excretory duct, vessels and nerves, 

 with a structure also equal in the two, con- 

 stituting the bulk of the organ. Exter- 

 nally to the peritoneal tunic is a more or 

 less thick stratum of fat, which is more 

 abundant in old than in young animals, 

 when in a state of obesity. 



The peritoneal covering of the kidneys 

 is incomplete, especially that of the right 

 one, whose inferior surface and convex 

 border are the only parts coated by it. The 

 left kidney is also covered on its superior 

 surface to a considerable extent, sometimes 

 more and sometimes less. The attachments 

 which each organ contracts through the 



