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APPENDIX TO PART FIRST. 



lago-ligamentous substance which unites the 

 pubic bones. 



Ligaments of the ribs. — Every rib is con- 

 nected to two vertebrsB by four ligaments, 

 viz., two capsular, internal and external lig- 

 aments. 



Capsular ligament of the head invests and 

 holds it within the vertebral socket. Two 

 articular cavities are found within it, one 

 with each vertebrse, which have separate 

 synovial linings. 



Capsular ligament of the tubercle sur- 

 rounds it at its articulation with the trans- 

 verse process of the vertebra. 



External and internal ligaments consist 

 of strong fibres, which connect the neck of 

 the rib, above and below, to the spine. 



Intercostal ligaments are broad fibrous 

 bands which run obliquely across the inter- 

 costal spaces, and hold the ribs and their 

 cartilage firmly together. 



Sternal ligaments. — These several pieces 

 of the breast bone are united to each other 

 by intervening cartilaginous substance ; in 

 addition to wliich they are connected by 

 ligamentary bands, both inwardly and out- 

 wardly. The fore part of it is surmounted 

 by a broad portion of cartilage, which runs 

 along its under part. 



ARTICULATIONS OF THE FORE EXTREMITY. 



Shoidder joint. — The capsular ligament 

 around this joint is strengthened in many 

 places by additional fibres dispersed upon 

 its exterior. It is fixed to the rough margin 

 of the glenoid cavity, and to the neck of 

 the OS humeri. A synovial membrane lines 

 it, which may be followed upon the carti- 

 laginous surfaces of the bones. Externally, 

 this ligamentous capsule is clothed on every 

 side by muscles, and to them is attributed 

 the main strength of the joint. 



Elboiv joint. — The ligaments of it are 

 two lateral and a capsular. 



Kiiee joint. — In the knee there are five 

 distinct articulations ; one between the ra- 

 dius and the three small bones of the upper 

 row; a second between the small bones, 

 above and below ; a third between those 

 of the lower row and the metacarpal bones; 

 a fourth between the os h-apezium and the 



OS cuneiforme; and a fifth between the os 

 pisiforme and os trapezoides ; they have all 

 separate capsular ligaments and synovial 

 linings. 



The ligaments of the knee, and the ten- 

 dons passing over it, are girt by broad, 

 glistening, ligamentous bands, which retain 

 the latter in their places, and render the 

 joint stronger and more compact. Between 

 these ligaments, fascia, and the extensor 

 tendons, are some small bursas. 



External lateral ligament runs from a 

 tubercle upon the radius to the head of the 

 external metacarpal bone. 



Internal lateral ligament consists of two 

 parts, which proceed from a similar tubercle 

 upon the inside, and from the body of the 

 radius. The longer is fixed to the inner 

 head of the metacarpal bone, and the 

 shorter to the fore part of the metacarpal. 



Ligamentum anmdare passes from the os 

 trapezium to the ossa scaphoides and cunei- 

 forme : it confines the flexor tendons. 



Fetlock joint. — Capsular ligament is at- 

 tached to the articulatory surfaces of these 

 bones; and the synovial membrane, after hav- 

 ing lined it, is reflected upon their cartilages : 

 it is guarded in front by the extensor tendon. 



Long lateral ligament is fixed to a projec- 

 tion upon the side of the metacarpal bone, 

 and to the os suifraginis. 



Short lateral ligament runs underneath 

 the latter. These ligaments prevent motion 

 sideways. 



The ligaments of the sessamoid bones 

 are seven, viz.: superior suspensory, the 

 long inferior, the short inferior, the two lat- 

 eral, and the two crucial. 



Pastern joint is formed by the adaptation 

 of the ossa suffraginis and corona. It has a 

 capsular, and two pairs of lateral ligaments. 



The capsular ligament is inserted into the 

 smooth cartilaginous ends of these bones : 

 it is blended with the extensor tendon in 

 front, and behind with the long inferior lig- 

 aments of the sessamoids. 



The lateral ligaments are inserted on the 

 sides of the os coronas and suffraginis. 



Coffin joint is made up of three bones : 

 the 03 corona, pedis, and naviculare. 



