1 6 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. 



admits of easy regurgitation for the purpose of " chewing the cud." 

 While in the horse the stomach is small and the bowels large, the reverse 

 is the case with oxen and camels : the stomach is enormous, and the 

 intestines relatively small. The stomach is divided into four compart- 

 ments : the '''' paunch " (rumen) is the first and largest division : it occupies 

 the greater part of the belly, into which the whole of the food passes when 

 first chewed and is from there returned to the mouth when the animal 

 has leisure to re-masticate it. The second and third divisions, the 

 '"''honeycomb''^ (reticulum), and ^'' j?ui?iyplies" or ^''fardel" (omasum), 

 resemble respectively the pattern of a honeycomb and the leaves of a 

 book, but they are smaller and not so important as the first and last. 

 The fourth compartment, the ^'' reimeV^ (abomasum), is the true digestive 

 stomach which manufactures the gastric juice, and leads into the bowel. In 

 all matters relating to the feeding and working of oxen and camels the 

 necessity of good grazing or an ample supply of bulky forage, and leisure 

 for them to re-chew it (" chew the cud "), must be insisted on if they are 

 to retain working condition. Neglect of this will rapidly render either of 

 these animals useless for military purposes. 

 The spleen The Spleen or Milt is a bluish grey colour, shaped like an isosceles 

 or milt. triangle, under two pounds in weight, and like strawberry jam when cut 

 into. Its full uses do not appear to be yet understood, but it seems under 

 certain conditions to be a reservoir for the blood. 

 The The Kidneys lie on each side of the backbone, under the loins, and 



kidneys, from them a tube for the passage of urine leads to the bladder. 

 In structure they consist of an enormous number of small tubes, which, 

 starting from little knots of capillary blood-vessels, run at first a contorted, 

 and afterwards a straight course, towards the eye of the kidney, where 

 they empty themselves into the tube leading to the i)ladder. The duty 

 of the kidneys is to filter waste matters from the blood as it circulates 

 through them. 

 The The Bladder is merely a reservoir which allows the urine to 



bladder. be collected and discharged occasionally instead of dribbling away 



continuously. 

 The skin. The Skin may be divided into two layers : a deep and sensitive one 



(the dermis), which contains blood-vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands 

 and hair bulbs or roots ; and a superficial, insensitive layer (scurf skin, 

 epidermis) which is constantly being shed (scurf, dandruff). Through the 

 epidermis the hairs, and tubes of the oil and sweat glands, pass to gain 

 The pores, the surface, where their openings are collectively called " the pores." The 

 sweat glands are coiled tubes lying deep in the skin and gaining the 

 surface by a thin, spiral duct through which the sweat is discharged. 



