20 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. 



"windpipe" is found and may be traced from the throat to the base of 

 the neck where it enters the chest, the rings of cartilage of which it is 

 composed being easily felt beneath the skin. 



At the lower part of the neck where it joins the body is the "breast," 

 in the centre of which may be felt the point of the breast-bone. This bone 

 runs backwards between the forelegs and terminates in a broad piece of 

 cartilage with a slightly upward curve which is seen just behind the 

 point of the elbow ; this is the " girth-place." 



The ribs, eighteen in number, springing from the backbone above and 

 attached to the breast-bone below, form a cage for the organs of the 

 chest and belly which extends from between the front of the shoulders to 

 the loins. They may be felt from behind the shoulder backwards, and 

 the space between the last rib and the hind-quarter is termed the "flank." 

 The regions occupied by the " chest " and " belly" respectively may be 

 estimated by drawing a line, curved forward in its length, from the loins 

 above to the girth-place below. The " forehand " includes head, neck and 

 fore limb. The " quarters '' are the whole of the parts from flank to tail. 



Turning one's attention now to the foreleg, the " shoulder-blade " slopes 

 downwards and forwards to the "point of the shoulder," where with the 

 "shoulder-bone," or humerus, it forms the shoulder joint ; this latter being 

 continued backwards and downwards to the " elbow-joint." The whole 

 of this region from the top of the shoulder-blade down to the elbow and 

 including the large mass of muscle behind the bones constitutes the 

 "shoulder." The "arm" or "forearm" reaches from the elbow to the 

 knee, the bones being covered with muscles except on the inside, where 

 they lie close under the skin. The bone forming the " point of the elbow " 

 may be felt projecting prominently at the back of the elbow-joint. On 

 the inner side of the arm may be noted a horny prominence, the 

 " chestnut " or " castor." 



From below the knee to the next joint, the bone running down the front 

 of the leg is termed the "cannon," "shank," or "shin," and the tendons 

 from the bend of the knee down the back of the same area are familiar 

 to all as the " back-tendons." This brings us to the " fetlock" joint, and 

 below this the " pastern " slopes downwards and forwards to the hoof. 

 The region round the top of the hoof is called the " coronet," and 

 usually, there is a slight bulging forward of the skin at this point. 



Commencing now at the top of the hind-quarter, we find, about a 

 good hand's breadth behind the last rib, a bony prominence just 

 beneath the skin, the " point of the hip " ; the projection of the quarter 

 just below the root of the tail or " dock " is the " point of the quarter " 

 or " buttock," and about midway between the point of the hip and 



