FOODS AND FEEDING. II9 



Bhfisa is practically " chaff." Crops, whether grain or pulse, are Bhusa. 

 still threshed in the East by bullocks being driven over them in a circle 

 and trampling out the grain. During this process the straw is much 

 broken up and split and is called " Bhusa." It is the main food of 

 working oxen, and in some places of horses, and may always be used 

 with advantage in the same way as chaff. The bhusa obtained from " Safaed 

 the straw of cereals is called "safasd," or " white," and that from other hhOsa." 

 crops, e.g.^ peas and beans, " Missa bhusa." Owing to its mode of Missa 

 preparation it contains much dirt and requires careful screening before bhusa. 

 use. 



Charri and Karbi, the stalks of millet and maize, may be used as Charri 

 fodder when the crop has been harvested, and they retain sufficient and 

 succulence to be much relished. Charri is readily eaten by horses, but Karbi. 

 the coarser Karbi, unless young, is generally more suitable for cattle, 

 though it may be utilized for all animals on occasion. 



Egyptian Fodder. 



Tibbin is broken " chaff," straw, similar to the "bhusa" of India, Tibbin. 

 and to it the same remarks apply. In Egypt, however, barley straw 

 appears to be the only material employed for its production. It is issued 

 as rations instead of hay to all animals in Egypt, and they thrive upon it. 



Bursim is a variety of trefoil, largely grown during the winter Bursim. 

 months after the Nile flood and, owing to its rapid growth, three or four 

 crops are obtained annually. It is an excellent green food, greedily 

 devoured by all herbivorous animals and may be given in unlimited 

 quantities. When dried it is called " dreis,'^ and forms an excellent hay, Dreis. 

 though, like other clover hays, rather liable to mould. This is the staple 

 green food of Egypt and its value is difficult to overestimate. 



Dhoura is the stalk of millet and young maize with the, heads and Dhoura. 

 cobs attached. A good general fodder, relished by horses, but said to 

 cause colic when given to them in excess. "Dhoura" is also the name 

 by which millet generally is known in Egypt. 



Preparation of Food. 



Cleaning. — Some samples of oats and other grains require cleaning Cleaning, 

 before being fed on account of the quantity of dirt, stones or nails found 

 in them. Some proportion of dirt and stones is unavoidable in grains 

 which are threshed in the open field as they are in Eastern Europe and j^ails in 

 the East generally. Nails, of a broad-headed type, are used to tack foreign 

 canvas linings round to the holds of grain ships, and these not infrequently grain. 



