240 



ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. 



clenches, and on or below them only sufficient for the purposes described 

 above, and not as a means of dumping the foot to conceal a badly-fitted 

 shoe. In fact the fewer the rasp marks, the better the work. 



Rough- 



Turning 

 down the 

 heels of 

 the shoe. 



Screw 

 cogs. 



Frost 

 nails. 



Winter Shoeing. 



" Roughing " to prevent slipping in frosty weather, is accomplished by 

 several methods, that adopted in the army being the insertion of '' frost 

 nails." 



Turning down the heels of the shoe is the common method of the 

 country and is accomplished by taking off the shoes, drawing out, turning 

 down and sharpening the heels, the outer one being turned across, and 

 tlie inner one in the direction of the shoe. It is an effective means, but 

 it necessitates removal of the shoes. 



Screw cogs in the heels are a very favourite and excellent method for 

 private stables, or countries where the cogs are constantly required. If, 

 however, the climate only calls for their use at indefinite intervals, a blank 

 of cork or other suitable material must be inserted when the cog is not 

 in, to stop grit getting into the worm of the screw, and a tap must be 

 carried to rime out the thread, as the edge gets burred. Moreover, if the 

 shoe is half worn when the cog is first required, the neck will be too long 

 for the socket, and the attachment weak. 



Similar objections can be urged against other patterns which have 

 round or square shanks. 



Frost nails, fitted into ordinary pattern nail holes, are adopted in the 

 army, and between October and March the heels of all shoes are pierced 

 for their reception. The horses are, during these months, shod a little 

 wider at the heels, and the holes are punched so fine that the frost nails 

 can be inserted without touching the horn, or involving the removal of 

 the shoe. It is not necessary to wear blanks as the hole can be cleared 

 of dirt with a nail or pritchel at any period. They are issued in two 

 sizes. 



Average weight per 1,000 : — 



Large 

 Small 



lbs. 

 24 



One should be inserted in each heel of each fore shoe, and one in the 

 outer heel of each hind shoe, where there are no calkins or wedge heels ; 

 or, should it be considered expedient, in the case of draught or other 

 heavy horses, one nail would be inserted in each heel, and in the toes 



