244 



ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. 



Shoes to 



obviate 



stumbling 



British 



Army 



pattern. 



French 

 Army. 



German 



Arm}'. 



Austrian 

 Arm}-. 



S/ioes to obviate stumbling are of two patterns, either the toe of the 

 hoof is rasped short and the shoe " turned up " (" rolled,'' " dubbed") at 

 this part, or the metal of the shoe is thinned as much as possible, the 

 object in each case being to shorten the toe and prevent its premature 

 contact with the ground, at the moment when, the stride being completed, 

 the toe is being turned up to bring the heel down. The two methods, 

 Z.I?., rasping the toe short and thinning the metal of the shoe, are 

 frequently combined and make the best pattern for confirmed stumblers. 



British Aruiy patter?!. — Machine made, concave, plain toe, fullered 

 shoe, of equal width throughout, concavity most marked towards the 

 heels ; foot surface practically flat. The specification states that this 

 surface shall be bevelled (seated) from the nail holes to the inner edge of the 

 web, the extreme depth not to exceed one-sixteenth inch. This is so slight 

 as to be scarcely noticeable in the majority of shoes supplied. Nail holes, 

 three to five on each side of the toe. Clips, single on all fore, and wheelers 

 hind shoes ; double toe clips for riding and lead hind shoes. Calkins on 

 wheel hind shoes only ; these are small, of equal size and shape on each 

 heel. Frost shoeing by frost nails as already described. Sizes from 

 I to lo, weight from 8 to 45 ounces per shoe. 



Frejich Army. — Hand made, plain shoes ; the fore shoes seated at the 

 toe and quarter. Nail holes, three to four on each side of the toe, the toe 

 holes being well up towards the clip. Single clips to all shoes. Each 

 shoe is pierced with four screw holes, one in each heel, and one on each 

 side of the toe between the two first nail holes. Frost shoeing and calkins 

 by means of square-headed cogs which fit the screw holes just mentioned. 

 Three sizes, " legere " (small), " ligne " (medium), and "reserve" 

 (large). 



German Army. — Machine made, plain toe, fullered, with a wide web, 

 and all shoes seated on the foot surface except at the extreme heels. 

 Nail holes from 7 to 1 1 on each side of the shoe and so numerous as to 

 lessen the length of wear. Single toe clips to all shoes. Frost shoeing 

 and calkins by chisel or square-headed cogs which screw into the heels 

 of all shoes, and the toes of large sizes in addition. Fifteen sizes, 

 ranging from pony to dray horse. 



Austria?! Ar??iy. — In the Austrian army there are two varieties. The 

 pattern " Herr Lechner " is a broad- webbed, fullered shoe, plain at the 

 toe and concave at the sides. The second p.ittern is broad, plain toe, 

 fullered, and has a flat or very slightly seated foot surface. All shoes are 

 machine made, but issued to units unfinished, the nail holes being 

 punched, clips drawn, and heels shaped by the farriers. Frost shoeing 

 and calkins by sharp or square screw cogs and toe pieces. 



