248 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. 



In addition to hatchways and port holes, which should be kept 

 constantly open whenever possible, the means for ventilating are : 

 (i) Permanent air funnels ; (2) Iron wind scoops ; (3) Canvas wind sails ; 

 (4) Electric fans or blowing machines ; (5) Steam ventilation. 



(i) Pe7-manent ai?- fiuinels with large movable cowls are fitted to 

 each deck, and should be arranged in pairs, one being brought down to 

 within a foot of the deck and the other cut off close to the deck above, 

 thus furnishing an up-take and down draught (outlet and inlet). The 

 cowl of the former should be kept turned from, and of the latter to the 

 wind, unless the ship is fitted with Boyle's, or other patent outlet and 

 inlet cowls which do not require this attention. 



(2) Iron wind scoops are provided for fitting to port holes and 

 scuttles, and as they stand out at right angles to the ship's side with 

 the concave surface forwards, they deflect a constant current of air 

 inwards. 



(3) Canvas wind sails 2.x^ long funnels with a wide bell mouth, and 

 are arranged from the rigging in the same way as the permanent air 

 inlets, i.e.^ mouth to the wind. They can be employed as inlets for 

 fresh air only ; they should be fitted so that the opening of the funnel is 

 about a foot from the surface of the deck, and their frequent inspection 

 is a matter of necessity, as they are so liable to be accidentally 

 blocked or collapsed, particularly when leading to the lower portions of 

 the ship. 



(4) Electric fans, blowing machines, or other mechanical means of 

 ventilation should be lavishly fitted to all horse decks on ships employed 

 for conveying animals for war purposes. By their means, if fully 

 employed and judiciously distributed, currents of air can be set up, and 

 a fresh atmosphere created in the dead ends of the decks, far from the 

 hatchways, where ventilation on an adequate scale is otherwise 

 impossible. Expense should not be the sole guide in fitting these^ as the 

 extra health and fitness of the animals on landing more than compensates, 

 from a military point of view, for the extra outlay. Fans and the mouths 

 of blowers should be adequately protected or placed in positions where 

 they cannot be touched. 



(5) Steam ventilatiofi. — The system adopted by the Admiralty is 

 Dr. Edmonds', and consists of one or more main ventilators, with 

 movable cowls, which communicate below with horizontal air shafts 

 running the length of the deck and perforated every 5 or 6 feet. To 

 exhaust foul air, the cowls are turned from the wind and steam at a 

 pressure of 40 lbs. is forced through a "jetter " at the base of the cowl. 

 This produces a vacuum in the air shafts which causes the foul air to 



