SEA TRANSPORT. 249 



be sucked through the perforations. To act as an inlet for fresh air, 

 the cowl is turned to the wind, and the steam jet being discontinued, 

 the apparatus becomes an ordinary i?tlet shaft. Its use for half 

 an hour about every four hours is recommended. Although a 

 valuable aid, this method is intermittent and is not a very efficient 

 inlet ; it cannot be regarded as in any way the equal of the 

 electric fan or blast. WJiatever form of mechaiiical ventilation is 

 adopted it should be atnple for requirements when the hatches are 

 battened dowji. 



Draijiage. — This is usually unsatisfactory on a horse ship. The Drainage, 

 whole drainage runs, as "a rule, from the decks, down small pipes, 

 leading from the scuppers to the bilge ; the entrance to these pipes 

 is guarded by a perforated cover to prevent them becoming choked 

 with dung and other solids. NotAvithstanding this precaution, 

 the pipes constantly become so choked and the urine has to be 

 pumped up, and overboard, by hand. For this reason suitable hand 

 pumps should be provided, unless a better system is adopted. There 

 should be no difficulty in dealing with the drainage of decks above 

 the water line ; it should run straight overboard and not into the 

 bilge. In decks, however, which are below water, it is more difficult 

 to dispose of, and unless the ship is specially fitted for the purpose, 

 it must be got rid of as described above. The drainage of stalls 

 in the hold is allowed to run into the coal beneath the flooring. All 

 dung must necessarily be brought up by hand from below and thrown 

 overboard. 



Stalls. 



Transports conveying mounted units can as a rule accommodate the 

 horses on two decks only, owing to the amount of room required for 

 troops ; but in ships chartered for the carriage of horses only, all the 

 decks may be utilized for the erection of stalls, and the hold and alley 

 ways can also be occupied if suitable. 



Horses are not to be carried on topgallant forecastles or poops, nor 

 are they to be stood against bulkheads or in the vicinity of steam-pipes. 

 Five per cent, spare stalls and two per cent, loose-boxes (8 feet square) are 

 fitted. 



Arrans;e7ne7it of stalls.— AW stalls should be placed athwart the ship. Arrange- 

 Down each side of the deck a long row is erected, heads inward. When ment of 

 there is room enough for a row down the centre of the deck there must ^^ ^' 



