SACCHAROMYCES, HANSENIA, TORULASPORA. 281 



cultures develop a tender film, composed partly of short sausage- 

 shaped cells and partly of oval forms. On solid media the species 

 forms a mycelium resembling that of Monilia Candida in structure. 

 The spores are more or less reniform. occasionally round or oval, 

 and most frequently about 3-5 /x in length. According to KLOCKER 

 (I.), the limits of sporulation temperature on gypsum blocks are 

 32-34 C., and 4-8 C., optimum 22-25 C. Hansen states that 

 only 1-1.3 P er cen t- f alcohol (by volume) is produced after pro- 

 longed sojourn in wort. In a solution of 15 percent, of saccharose 

 in yeast water, 3.75 per cent, (by vol.) of alcohol were formed in 

 eighteen days at 25 C., and 7 per cent, after thirty-eight days. In 

 yeast water containing loand 15 percent, respectively of dextrose 

 6.5 and 8 per cent, of alcohol were produced in one month. The 

 species was discovered on grapes by Marx. 



Saccharomyces exiyuus, E. C. HANSEN (XL VI.) Synonym : 

 Sacch. exiguus (partim), Reess (I.) This species forms cells 

 similar to those of the last named, but differs therefrom in not 

 forming mycelial colonies in wort, or a myceliun on gelatin. 

 Sporulation is very scanty, and only a mere suggestion of a film 

 is formed even after several months. Tip to 6 per cent, (by vol.) 

 of alcohol was formed in yeast water treated with 1 5 per cent, of 

 saccharose at 25 C., and 8 per cent, of alcohol in a 15 per cent, 

 solution of dextrose at the end of fourteen days. This species 

 has been found repeatedly in the yeast of a pressed yeast manu- 

 factory. 



Saccharomyces Zopfii, ARTARI (I.) has been drawn by the last- 

 named worker. The cells are short, broad ellipsoids or globular, 

 and measure 3-6 /* in diameter, occasionally 8 p.. When the 

 species is grown in a solution of dextrose (see p. 211, vol. ii.) con- 

 taining 58 per cent, of ammonium sulphate, septa are developed 

 in the cells. The maximum limit of budding temperature in wort 

 is 33~34 C., the optimum being 28-29 C. Spores are readily 

 formed both in fluid and on solid media, the number in each cell 

 being usually two, though occasionally one, three or four are 

 produced. They are globular and measure 1.5-3 /* ^ ne m &xi- 

 muin sporulation temperature is about 32 C., arid ripe spores 

 are found after twenty-one hours at 29 0. The vegetative cells 

 are stated to withstand 130 C. dry heat and 66-67 C. moist 

 heat for half an hour. The species was discovered in sugar juice 

 at a sugar works in Saxony. 



Saccharomyces Bailii, P. LINDNER (XIV.) was drawn by the 

 latter worker. The cells are large, of somewhat elongated shape 

 and with tough membrane, and old cultures exhibit amreba-like 

 cells of irregular form. The spores are highly refractive. Film 

 formation does not occur on nutrient solutions, and only occasion- 

 ally are small islands of yeast found thereon. The streak cultures 

 on wort gelatin are greyish white and lustrous ; and the same 

 colour and appearance are exhibited by the giant colonies which 



