3 88 TORTJLACE^. 



it was used by Turpin in 1838 to denote beer yeast (Saccharo- 

 myces cerevisice), which he named Torula cerevisice. Oohn even 

 applied the name Torula to the wreathed chains formed by 

 the Micrococcus bacteria. At present the Torulece form a sub- 

 group of the Dematiacece : compare A. ENGLEiiand K. PRANTL (I.). 

 The species belonging to this sub-group, as, for example, Torula 

 monilioides, Corda, found by F. LUDWTG (III.) in the mucinous 

 exudations of trees (see p. 138, vol. ii.), are outside the morpho- 

 logical circle. 



Saccharomycetes greatly resembling certain forms of Torula are 

 also known, as stated above. The statement " sporulation could 

 not be detected " affords no guarantee that sporulation would not 

 occur under certain conditions. In the opinion of many observers, 

 all inonocellular fungi that reproduce by budding, especially 

 when they also set up fermentation, are yeasts, that is to say, 

 Saccharomycetes ; and they apply the name Saccharomyces to all 

 such species described by them. The descriptions are mostly very 

 imperfect, and it is difficult to decide with any degree of certainty, 

 from the isolated characteristic peculiarities, whether the budding 

 fungi under consideration belong to the Torula group or not. 

 Matters are little better in the delimitation of the species that 

 have been more closely examined ; and any attempt to arrange 

 them into a system has small prospect of success at present. 



For the same reason it is difficult to decide whether the com- 

 paratively small group of (presumably asporogenic) budding fungi 

 exhibiting the characteristic property of being able to ferment with 

 sugars (see p. 397, vol. ii.), belongs to the Torulacew. Of this group 

 the following members have been described : the so-called Sacch. 

 yalactocola, by PIROTTA and RIBONI (II.) ; one species by Du- 

 CLAUX (XXIII.) ; the so-called Sacch. lactis, by ADAMETZ (XI.) ; 

 the so-called Sacch. Kefyr and Sacch. tyrocola, by BEIJER- 

 INCK (XX. and XXV.) ; several species by WEIGMANN (XI.) and 

 GROTENFELT (II. and III.) ; Torula Duclauxi, by E. KAYSER (IV.) 

 as well as the so-called Sacch. lactis, Adametz, and a species 

 isolated from milk ; one species by L. C. Mix (I.) ; Lactomyces 

 inflans caseigrana by ADAMETZ (XII.), in collaboration with W. 

 Winkler, and also by NICOLA BOCHICCHIO (I.) ; the so-called 

 Sacch. Kefyr, by FREUDENREICH (XI.) ; Torula amara by A. 

 KALANTHAR (I.) ; by HARRISON (II.) ; and by O. JENSEN (III.) 

 and P. MAZE (I.), who also included in his examination the 

 Torula Duclauxi, the so-called, Sacch. lactis, Adametz, and the 

 species described by Kayser. The so-called Sacch. lactis, Adametz 

 and Sacch. tyrocola, Beijerinck, were subjected to a careful 

 examination by HEINZE and COHN (L). These two last-named 

 species undoubtedly belong to the Tomlacece, Sacch. lactis to the 

 second sub-group and Sacch. tyrocola to the first sub-group, so 

 that they ought, correctly, to be named Torula lactis and Torula 

 tyrocola respectively. On the other hand, it is questionable 



