404 TORULACE^E. 



and Mertens gives a clear, deep red extract only with carbon 

 disulphide. 



According to reports by LAURENT (X.), and also by BRAULT 

 and LOEPER (I.), the red budding fungi produce glycogen. 



Janssens and Mertens described a globular nucleus, with a 

 nucleolus, in their red Torula. 



In one and the same species budding may proceed in different 

 ways. Sometimes it resembles the same process in the Saccharo- 

 mycetes, with the modifications exhibited by the Torulacece. 

 RAUM (III.) found a parent cell carrying up to five and more 

 daughter-cells at the same time. In the case of a fixed cell of his 

 species belonging to the second group, HANSEN (LII.) observed a 

 considerable number of new cells gradually formed at the same 

 place. 



In addition to this method of budding, the red yeasts of 

 the first group also exhibit cell outgrowths in the form of 

 " tubular buds " or " promycelia." Usually the oval cells throw 

 out simple or branched, filamentous lateral growths, which, in 

 association with the sterigmata, impart a strange appearance. 

 The budding of these " tubular buds " results in the production of 

 rounded cells resembling conidia, or, in the case of Blastoderma 

 salmonicolor, pear-shaped, plum-shaped or reniform cells. This 

 type of germination forms a highly characteristic feature of the 

 first group of red species, and, so far as is known, is not exhibited 

 by any other group of budding fungi. 



Films are produced by all species of red yeasts, and on the 

 most divergent nutrient media, such as beer wort, beer (except in 

 the case of Mycoderma humuli), milk, whey, &c. The films are 

 partly smooth and mucinous, partly tough and greatly imbricated 

 (e.g., Blastoderma salmonicolor). The film of the red Torula of 

 Janssens and Mertens is more strongly pigmented in the dark 

 than in the light, and the cells are larger, but the resisting power 

 is smaller. The film grown in the light resembles woolly felt, 

 many of the filaments projecting above the surface of the liquid. 

 Probably also hairs and tufts are formed, as in the case of 

 Manilla Candida, certain Torula species of the second sub-group, 

 and occasionally also with Saccharomycetes. The cells in this case 

 are smaller, but more resistant. 



Reports on the giant colonies are few in number. P. 

 LINDNER (XXXVI.) has described those of two species, each of 

 which exhibited a slight, mealy " bloom," a distinctive feature of 

 the one being the production of delicate "white" aerial hypha?. 

 A notable feature is the formation of secondary colonies in plate- 

 and streak -cultures, the more so because this phenomenon occurs 

 in two species belonging to the group that germinates by promy- 

 celia and forms cells resembling conidia. Janssens and Mertens 

 explain the phenomenon in the case of their red Torula by stating 

 that the liquefaction of the gelatin is accompanied by the libera- 



