Introduction. 3 



perfect justice cannot be done to different patrons of 

 creameries where payments for cream delivered are 

 made on the basis of this test. 



3. In cheese factories, and since the introduction of 

 the centrifugal cream separator, in separator creamer- 

 ies, the problem of just payment for the milk furnished 

 by different patrons was no less perplexing than in the 

 case of gathered-cream factories. By the pooling sys- 

 tem generally adopted, each patron received payment 

 in proportion to the number of pounds of milk deliv- 

 ered, irrespective of its quality. Patrons delivering rich 

 milk naturally will not be satisfied with this system 

 when they find that their milk is richer than that of 

 their neighbors. The temptation to fraudulently in- 

 crease the amount of milk delivered by watering, or to 

 lower its quality by skimming, will furthermore prove 

 too strong for some patrons ; the fact that it was diffi- 

 cult to prove any fraud committed, from lack of a re- 

 liable and practical method of milk analysis, rendered 

 this pooling system still more objectionable. 



4. As another instance in which the need of a simple 

 test for determining the fat content of different kinds 

 of milk was strongly felt, may be mentioned the case of 

 private dairymen and breeders of dairy cattle who de- 

 sired to ascertain the butter-producing capacities of the 

 individual cows in their herds. The only manner in 

 which this could be done, was by the cumbersome 

 method of trial churnings : by saving the milk of the 

 cow to be tested, for a day or a week, and churning 

 separately the cream obtained. This requires a large 

 amount of work when a number of cows are to be 



