68 TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



well as to the production and accumulation of waste products resulting 

 from katabolic activity. Among the waste products, mono-potassium 

 phosphate, paralactic acid, and carbon dioxid are the most important. 

 These substances, when present in small amounts or in larger amounts 

 for a short time, increase the irritability of the muscle, but when they 

 accumulate more rapidly than they are removed, as is the case during 

 excessive activity, they exert a depressive influence on the irritability of 

 the muscle and thus diminish its contractile power and its capacity 

 for doing work. The more rapidly they are removed, the sooner is 

 a fatigued muscle restored to its normal condition. The condition 

 of fatigue with its attendant phenomena is shown by stimulating 

 through its nerve an excised frog muscle with induced electric currents 

 at intervals of one second. In a variable period of time the muscle 

 shows an increase in the duration of the latent period, a diminution 

 of the height of the contraction, in the power of doing work, and an 

 increase in the time required for relaxation. (Fig. 27.) If the stimu- 

 lation is continued the contractions gradually decline as the muscle 



FIG. 27. FATIGUE CURVES. EVERY TWENTIETH CONTRACTION RECORDED. 



becomes exhausted. When a muscle will no longer respond to stimu- 

 lation through its related nerve, it can be made to respond to direct 

 stimulation with the electric current. This taken in connection with 

 the fact that stimulation of a nerve-trunk even for several hours does 

 not fatigue it, leads to the inference that the cause of the cessation of 

 contraction does not lie wholly in the muscle but partly in the nerve 

 endings in the muscle. These structures it is believed fatigue more 

 readily than the muscle structures, and hence fail to conduct the nerve 

 impulse to the muscle. By this means it is protected from absolute 

 exhaustion. 



5. Nutrition. The irritability of a muscle which conditions the con- 

 traction process is dependent on the maintenance of its nutrition; 

 hence a continuous and sufficient supply of nutritive material and 

 a rapid removal of waste products are essential conditions for the ex- 

 hibition of normal contractions. A diminution of blood supply or 

 an accumulation of waste products sooner or later impairs the irritability 

 and diminishes the vigor and extent of the contraction. Various 

 drugs e.g., veratrin, barium , etc. introduced into the circulation and 

 finding their way into the muscle modify the contraction process, as 

 shown by a very great increase in the duration of the relaxation period. 

 The Isometric Myogram. With the object of obtaining a curve of 

 the increase and decrease in the tension of a muscle during a single con- 

 traction, with the exclusion as far as possible of a change in length, the muscle 

 may be made to contract against a strong spring or similar resistance practically 



