GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE-TISSUE 



69 



though not absolutely sufficient to prevent shortening. To this method 



the term isometric has been given, and the curve so obtained is an isometric 



myogram or a tonogram. The recording portion of the lever is prolonged 



some distance so that the very slight 



upward movement at its axis, close to 



which the muscle is attached, will be 



considerably magnified. That the 



ordinate value of an isometric curve 



may be known, the apparatus must be 



graduated by subjecting the spring to 



a series of weights playing over a pul- 



ley supported by the muscle clamp. 



The curve of the variation in ten- 

 sion obtained by the isometric method 

 is shown in Fig. 28, b, in which the two 

 curves are contrasted. The form of the 

 curve indicates that the muscle attains its maximum of tension more 

 rapidly than its maximum of shortening; that the tension endures for a 

 certain period of time unchanged; that the fall in tension takes place more 

 rapidly than the muscle lengthens. 



The Myogram Due to the Make and the Break of a Galvanic Current. 

 The contraction of the muscle which has heretofore been recorded has 

 been caused by the momentary action of an induced current. The con- 

 traction of the muscle which is caused by the action of a constant or galvanic 

 current presents features which are somewhat different and, as it serves to 

 illustrate the difference in the effects of a constant or galvanic and an induced 

 or interrupted current, a myogram of a contraction due to the make and 



FIG. 28. a. DIAGRAM OF ISOTONIC; b, 

 '- (Landois 



FIG. 29. MYOGRAM DUE TO THE ACTION OF A GALVANIC CURRENT, APPLIED DIRECTLY TO A 

 MUSCLE, WHEN THE CIRCUIT WAS CLOSED (c) AND WHEN IT WAS OPENED (0). 



break of a galvanic current is introduced at this place. The effects which 

 are observed in a muscle during the passage of both feeble and strong 

 currents have been alluded to in a previous section. (See page 59.) In 

 Fig. 29 these effects are graphically represented. It will be observed that 

 on the closure of the circuit at c the muscle at once contracted and so long as 

 the current was flowing, the muscle remained in a more or less contracted 

 state known as galvanotonus; on opening the circuit at o the muscle again con- 

 tracted, after which it gradually relaxed and returned to its original con- 

 dition. The record shows also that during the actual passage of the cur- 

 rent the muscle substance was being stimulated by it. 



