GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE-TISSUE 79 



securely fastened at both extremities so that shortening is practically im- 

 possible during the stimulation, the maximum of heat production is reached. 

 In the tetanic state the great increase in temperature is due to the ten- 

 sion of antagonistic and strongly contracted muscles. In both instances, 

 mechanic motion being prevented, the liberated energy manifests itself as 

 heat, 



Mechanic Work. If the muscle is permitted to shorten and raise a 

 weight, some of the energy liberated takes the form of mechanic motion. If 

 the weight is removed at the height of the contraction, external work is 

 accomplished. The greater the weight raised, within limits, the greater is 

 the percentage of energy which takes the direction of mechanic motion. The 

 percentage of the total energy liberated which is thus utilized, has been 

 estimated at from 25 to 40 per cent. In accordance with the law of the con- 

 servation of energy, the heat produced, stated in calories, plus the energy 

 required in the raising of the weight, expressed in kilogrammeters of work, 

 must equal the potential energy transformed. 



A muscle during a tetanic contraction of short duration accomplishes 

 more work than during a single contraction, the weight in each case being 

 the same. In the former condition the height of contraction through sum- 

 mation, and hence the work done, is greater than in the latter. The work 

 done by a short tetanic contraction may be two or three times that of a single 

 contraction, but after the muscle reaches its maximum degree of shortening 

 and then continues in a state of tetanus, no further work is done. Internal 

 work is done, however, i.e., the continuous liberation of energy, as shown by 

 an increase in the temperature. 



When a weight which is lifted by a muscle during a single contraction is 

 allowed to act on the muscle during the relaxation, no external work is 

 accomplished. All the energy set free manifests itself as heat. Internal 

 work is done, as shown by the fact that the muscle becomes fatigued. 



Work Done Daily. The muscle system in its entirety is to be regarded 

 as a machine for the transformation of potential into kinetic energy, and in 

 so doing accomplishes work. Through the intermediation of the bones of 

 the skeleton which play the part of levers the individual not only changes his 

 position in the environment, but overcomes to some extent the resistances 

 offered by the environment. The employment of artificial levers (tools), 

 as distinguished from natural levers (bones) materially adds to the ef- 

 fectiveness of the muscle machine. The amount of work which a man 

 of average physical development weighing 72 kilos can perform in eight 

 hours has been variously estimated. It will naturally vary according to 

 the character of the occupation. If the work done be calculated from 

 the number of kilograms raised one meter, the average laboring-man 

 performs about 300,000 kilogrammeters of work. 



ELECTRIC PHENOMENA 



Electric Currents from Injured Muscles. The energy liberated as 

 the result of the action of a nerve impulse is not only transformed into heat 

 and mechanic motion, but to some extent also into electric energy. The 

 presence of points of different potential on the surface of the muscle, the 

 necessary condition for the development of electric currents, is tested by 

 means of non-polarizable electrodes connected by wires with a sensitive 



