582 BACTERIA IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 



Pure cultures of all of these species introduced into the bladder 

 of rabbits failed to induce cystitis, even when injected in consider- 

 able quantities. But when retention of urine was effected artificially 

 for six to twelve hours, allowing time for ammoniacal fermentation 

 to occur, cystitis was developed. When the pyogenic species were 

 introduced under these circumstances, a suppurative inflammation of 

 the mucous membrane occurred ; the non-pyogenic species caused a 

 catarrhal cystitis. Rovsing records the important fact, as bearing 

 upon the etiology of cystitis, that in twenty of the cases examined 

 the bladder had been invaded by the finger or by instruments prior 

 to the development of cystitis. 



Lundstrom (1800) isolated from alkaline urine obtained from pa- 

 tients with cystitis two species of staphylococci Staphylococcus 

 urese candidus and Staphylococcus urese liquef aciens ; from albu- 

 minous, acid urine he obtained Streptococcus pyogenes. Krogius ob- 

 tained from the urine of individuals suffering from cystitis a bacillus 

 which he calls Urobacillus liquefaciens septicus. Schnitzler (ISiMi) 

 found the same bacillus, or one very similar to it, in thirteen out of 

 twenty cases of purulent cystitis examined by him. In eight of these 

 cases it was obtained from the urine in pure cultures, and in five it 

 was associated with other bacteria. In twelve of these twenty cases 

 the cystitis resulted directly from catheterization ; in the others it 

 occurred in individuals suffering from stricture or from calculus. 



When cultures of this bacillus were injected into a vein in rab- 

 bits, the animals died in from three to eight days, and in every in- 

 stance an intense nephritis was observed at the autopsy twice with 

 the formation of small abscesses. The bacillus was found in the 

 blood and the organs generally. Injections into the bladder of rab- 

 bits almost always gave rise to a severe purulent cystitis large rab- 

 bits were selected and great care taken not to injure the mucous 

 membrane of the bladder. Schnitzler was not able to induce cystitis 

 in rabbits by injecting in the same way considerable quantities of a 

 culture of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. 



Guyon (1888) did not succeed in inducing cystitis by the injection 

 of pure cultures of various microorganisms into the bladder, unless 

 he at the same time produced an artificial retention of urine. His 

 experimental results are therefore in accord with those of Rovsing, 

 who found that without mechanical injury, or artificial retention 

 until ammoniacal fermentation had occurred, no results followed his 

 injections into the bladder. 



According to Schmidt and Aschoff (1893) subsequent researches 

 indicate that some of the species described by Rovsing as being new 

 are in fact varieties of Bacillus coli communis. 



The identification of the Bacillus pyogenes of Albarran and Halle 



