ENTOZOA. 179 



developed state with head furnished on both sides with an ex- 

 tremely simple fossette, and with single or double rows of ovaries. 



Sp. Ligula simplicissima BREMS., Icon. Helminth. Tab. xn. fig. i ; in 

 different species of fresh- water fishes in the abdominal .cavity (Fasciola 

 intestinalis L., Der Rieinenwurm, Fischrieme, Strap-worm. It is difficult 

 in this state to distinguish the species : in Cyprinus carassius, CREPLIN 

 found a species with two longitudinal streaks, Ligula digramma. The 

 Ligulce met with in birds have one row or two of genital organs : Ligula 

 uniserialis RUD., Entozoor. Hist. not. Tab. ix. fig. i. [In fact Lig. simpli- 

 cissima of fishes is the undeveloped state of Lig. sparsa or Lig. serialis of 

 water-fowls. VON SIEBOLD Sand u. Blasen-wurmer, s. 41.] 



Bothriocephalus KUD. Body elongate, depressed, articulate. 

 Eead somewhat tumid, oval or sub-quadrangular, with two or four 

 opposite lothria or fossettes. 



Comp. F. S. LEUCKART, Zoologische BrucJistuclce i. Helmstadt, 1819, 

 4to. mit 2 Kupfert. D. F. ESCHRICHT Anatomisch-physiolog. Untersuch- 

 ungen uber die Bothriocephalen, mit 3 Kupfer. 1840, 4to. (a reprint from 

 the Act. Leop. Carol. Yol. xix. Supplem.) 



Sp. BothriocepJialus lotus (Tcenia lata of Authors). BREMSER Ueb. leb. 

 Wiirmer, Tab. u. f. i 12, the broad Tape-worm; this species lives in the 

 small intestines of man, and attains sometimes a length of twenty feet ; it 

 is especially met with in Russia and Switzerland, in Germany and Holland 

 less frequently. Comp. below, on Tcenia solium. 



Bothriocephal. punctatus RUD., LEUCKART, Zool. Bruchstucke i. Tab. i. 

 f. 1 6, Tab. u. fig. 40, ESCHR. 1. 1. Tab. in. figs. 1828 ; in the Turbot and 

 other species of Pleuronectes, and in other marine fishes, especially in 

 Cottus scorpio. The several joints are multiplied by transverse partition, 

 just as a multiplication of individuals takes place in Nals by growth. The 

 transverse partition commences before the genital organs are developed. 

 The young animals consist of a head and a small number only of joints. 

 Probably each animal performs annually a determinate circuit of develop- 

 ment. When it has cast off its joints mature and full of eggs in the 

 summer or autumn, new joints begin to grow ; in winter no eggs are found, 

 and even occasionally in large individuals no developed genitals. Probably 

 a similar renewal of the animal occurs also in Bothriocephalus lotus (and in 

 Tcenia), when the new joints are developed in the part that succeeds the 

 head, the so-called neck, which becomes marked off in joints. In this 

 way may be explained what ESCHRICHT observed in a sufferer from JBothr. 

 lotus, that amongst the pieces cast off, the subsequent piece did not fit on 

 to that which had preceded, but on the contrary was similar to it ; narrower 

 and more imperfect joints had in the meantime been developed into broader. 



Sub- gen. Schistocephalus CKEPL. Head triangular, obtuse, bifid at 

 the extremity. 



Sp. Schistocephalus dimorphus, Bothriocephalus solidus, Tcenia gasterostei 

 ABILDGARD, Skrivter of naturh. SelsJcabet i. 1 790, Tab. v. fig. i, BREMSER, 



122 



