INSECTA. 347 



Ejusd. Synopsis Hymenopterologice Scandinavice. Lund., 1840, 

 4to. (Of this the first part alone, which treats of the genus Crabo, is 

 known to me). 



A. LEPELETIER DE SAINT-FARGEAU, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes 

 Hymenopteres. Paris, 18361846, 8vo, av. PL, iv. Yol. (the last 

 part by BRULLE). 



This order is distinguished by four naked, membranous wings. 

 GEOFFROY united the Neuroptera with it ; LINNAEUS, however, had 

 already (in the sixth edition of the Sy sterna Naturce, 1748) distin- 

 guished this order ; and to the present day it has been preserved in 

 systematic arrangements. The Neuroptera have usually retiform 

 wings, with numerous small cells ; in the Hymenoptera they are 

 merely veined, and the under wings are commonly smaller than the 

 upper. The lower jaws are mostly elongated, and form with the 

 under lip a kind of proboscis by which fluids are conducted to the 

 O3sophagus. The under jaws serve not for manducation, but for the 

 gnawing off matters with which these insects construct their nests, 

 for the bearing of burdens, &c. There are three simple eyes pre- 

 sent ; the compound eyes are large, especially in the bees. The 

 foot (tarsus^) has constantly five joints. The abdomen of the 

 female is almost always armed at the extremity with a sting, or 

 with a borer for laying eggs. Already had it been justly remarked 

 by ARISTOTLE 1 , that the two-winged insects are distinguished by a 

 sting in front, and the four- winged by a sting behind; the first 

 wound in order to feed, the last to defend or to avenge themselves. 



In some species there are wingless individuals, of which more 

 hereafter. The hind wings have at the anterior margin, nearly in 

 the middle, a row of stiff hairs or hooklets Qiamuli), placed at equal 

 distances, and only visible when magnified, by which they are 

 fixed fast to the posterior or inner margin of the fore wings, and in 

 flying lie in the same plane with these. It is especially in this 

 order that in the determination of the genera use may be made of 

 the veins and cells of the wings. JURINE has for this purpose 

 devised a terminology, of which we must give a short account. His 

 names have all a reference to the fore wing. The first vein of the up- 

 per wing, that next to the anterior or outer margin, he names radius, 

 the second, that lies more inwards, cubitus. These two terminate 



1 TeTpdirrepa. . . 6Tri<r9jKVTpd eorf diir-repa d. . . e/x7r/3o<r06/cej>r/3a. AftiST. Hist. Anim. 

 L. i. cap. 5, med. 



