INSECTA. 361 



Cornp. on this genus WESTMAEL, Monogr. des Odyneres de la Belgigue, 

 Bruxelles, 1833, 8vo, (Ann. des Sc. nat. xxx. 1833, pp. 426 432) ; HER- 

 RICH-SCHJEFFER, Deutschl. Ins. Heft 173, 176 ; LEON-DUFOUR, Mem. pour 

 servir a VHist. de I'industrie et des metamorphoses des Odyneres, Ann. des. 

 Sc. nat, 2e Serie, Tom. xi. 1809. Zool. pp. 85 103. (Odynerus rubicola) ; 

 AUDOUIN, Observations sur les mceurs des Odyneres, ib. pp. 104 113. 



b) With first tivo joints of abdomen coarctated to form a petiole, ike first narrow 

 ob-coniccd, the second sub-campanulate. 



Sub-genus : Eumenes LATR. (Zethus FABR., Discc&lius LATR.) 



Sp. Eumenes coarctata, Vespa coronata PANZ., GEOFFR. Ins. n. PI. xvi. 

 fig. i ; PANZER, Deutschl. Ins., Heft 64, Tab. 126, and Vespa coarctata 

 PANZ. ibid. 63, Tab. 6; Vespa pomiformis, PANZ. ib. 63, Tab. 7, fem. &c. 



b) Social. Mandibles subquadrate, obliquely truncated and 

 denticulate at apex. Lingula little elongate, tripartite, with middle 

 part bifid. Four glandular points at apices of lingula. Labial 

 palps quadriarticulate, maxillary sexarticulate. Cubital cells three. 



Vespa (Species from genus Vespa L., Vespa, Polistes LATR.) 



In wasps the upper lip (labruni) is hidden behind the head-shield 

 (clypeus) and upper jaws (hintere Zunge, TREVIRANUS, Verm. Schr. 

 n. Tab. xv. figs. 7, 8, 9, L'). Close under the upper-lip is found a 

 valve, which SAVIGNY names epipharynx or epiglossa (vordere 

 Zunge TREVIRANUS). The hypopharynx of SAVIGNY (Klappe TRE- 

 VIRANUS, 1. 1. s. 134, Tab. xv. figs. 6 8, letter v.) is a valve closing 

 a cavity which was discovered by BRANTS, and named gluten-cavity 

 (see his work cited above, p. 452, Tijdschr. voor. Nat. Gesch. vm. bl. 

 97) ; in this cavity, not unlike the buccal sacs of certain mammals, 

 the wasps keep small pieces of wood for building their nests l . The 

 wasp's nest consists of a kind of paper, prepared from small pieces 

 of old wood and bark of trees ; they gnaw off the pieces with their 

 upper jaws ; the cakes are usually horizontal ; the uppermost are 

 formed first and afterwards the lower j they hang together by little 

 pedicles, and the uppermost of all is fixed to the common covering; 

 for most wasps form a common covering for their nests, whilst bees 

 merely hide their waxen dwellings in hollow trees or under the 

 ground. A wasp's nest either hangs freely in the air, or is formed 

 under ground or in cavities of trees. The cells are hexangular, 

 perpendicular, and generally with the opening facing downwards. 



1 On the under-lip (ligula) and the other parts of the mouth in wasps, comp. the fig. 

 lin REAUMUR, Mem. s. 1. Ins. vi. PI. 16, fig. 2. 



