390 CLASS VIII. 



Systematisches Verzeichniss der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend 

 herausgegeb. von einigen Lehrern am K. K. Theresianum, Wien. 

 1776, 4to. (mit 3 col. Taf.) 



JAC. HUBNER, Sammlung europdischer Schmetterlinge, nebst Fort- 

 setzung von C. GEYER, gr. 4 to. Augsburg, 1805 1841 ; by the 

 same, Geschichte europdischer Schmetterlinge (Rauj>en, Puppen u. 

 Futterpflanzen} gr. 4to. ibid. 1806 1841 ; by the same, Sammlung 

 exotischer Schmetterlinge, nebst Fortsetzung von C. GEYER, in. Bde, 

 gr. 4to. ibid. 1806 1841; and Zutrdge zur Sammlung exotischer 

 Schmetterlinge, ibid. 1818 1837. (I have not been able to consult 

 these comprehensive and costly works whilst preparing this order). 



F. OCHSENHEIMER, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa,fortgesetzt durch 

 FR. TREITSCHKE, x. Bde, 8vo. Leipzig, 18071835. 



BOISDUVAL, Species general des Lepidopteres, Tom. i. av. pi. Paris, 

 1836, 8vo. This excellent work, which makes a part of the well- 

 known Suites a BUFFON, published by RORET, appears to be discon- 

 tinued, to the great injury of science. 



The scales, which cover the wings of these insects on both sides, 

 appear to the naked eye as dust, but when seen through the 

 microscope, are arranged in regular rows, like house-tiles 1 . These 

 scales are implanted, by means of little pedicles, in short conical 

 tubules, whose openings are constantly directed to that margin 

 of the wing which is opposite to its base. Each scale consists 

 of two (or perhaps even of three) membranes or layers. On the 

 uppermost membrane lie granules of colouring matter. Elon- 

 gate, parallel stripes (ribs) run from the base to the free extremity, 

 which has sometimes a smooth margin, and sometimes ends in 

 certain points or lappets. The underside of the scale, which lies 

 next the wing, often presents a play of various colours 2 . When 

 the scales are removed, the wings are whitish and semi-trans] >a- 

 rent ; some butterflies have constantly such patches on the wings 

 where the scales are wanting ; in some the wings are almost quite 

 naked, whether because the scales are wanting from the first, 



1 Numerous figures of this are to be seen in the works of microscopists, as 

 in LEEUWENHOECK, Derde vervolg van Brieven, ye Missive, 24 Junij, 1692, bl. 409, 

 fig. i ; see also R<ESEL, Ins. i. Tab. n. f. 5, 6, 7, Pap. Podalirius, in. Tab. XLIV., 

 Pap. Iris, &c. 



3 BERNARD-DESCHAMPS, Rccherckes Microscopiques sur ^organisation des ailcs 

 dans les Lepidopteres. An. des sc. Nat., sec. seVie in. 1835. Zooloyic, pp. 111137. 

 PL 3, 4- 



