400 CLASS VIII. 



Episema OCHSENH., Cymatophora, TREITSCHKE (Tetkea OCHSENH.), 

 Bryophilcb TREITSCHKE (Pcecilia SCHRANK, OCHSENH.), Diphthera 

 HUEBN., OCHSENH., Acronycta OCHSENH. 



Comp. Encycl. meth., Hist, not., Ins. Tom. vin. 1811, pp. 218 360 

 (article Noctuelle), TREITSCHKE, Schmetterlinge von Europa, Vter Bd. 1825, 

 1826, WESTWOOD, Generic Synopsis, pp. 93 98, &c. 



Sp. Noctua nupla L., SEPP, Nederl. Ins. i. 40 Stuk, Tab. vu., LTONET 

 Ouvr. posth. PI. 25 ; body i" 2'" long, points of fore-wings in flight 

 distant 2" 9'" or more from each other ; fore- wings above grey, passing 

 into bluish-green, with dark-brown flamed stripes, beneath white, with 

 three black bands ; under- wings above carmine-red, with two broad 

 black bands, which are present on the under-side also, but on a white 

 ground, which towards the inner margin passes into red. The caterpillar 

 lives on the willow. A still larger, and with us a rarer species, has on the 

 under- wing a blue band on a black ground : Noctua fraxini L., RCESEL, 

 Ins. iv. Tab. 28, fig. t, SEPP, Nederl. Ins. i. 46 St. Tab. xvin xx. 

 Noctua pronuba L., Triphcena pronuba TREITSCHKE, ROZSEL, Ins. iv. 

 Tab. 32, fig. 6, VERHUELL in SEPP, Nederl. Ins. vi. Tab. 34, figs. 7, 9 ; 

 the upper- wings brown, cinnamon-coloured of different shades ; the under- 

 wings yellow, with black band close along the margin ; breadth of wings in 

 flight 2", length of body about 10'". A very common species, which in 

 the middle of summer is often seen in houses, being attracted towards 

 evening by the light. A lighter prothorax distinguishes it from Noctua 

 (Triphcena) innuba TREITSCHKE, where the thorax is of a single colour; 

 this last has the fore-wings less flammate, often almost entirely of one 

 colour, and ordinarily a light coffee-colour (cafe au lait) ; R(ESEL, ibid. 

 figs, i, 2, 4, 5, SEPP Tab. 33, fig. 6, Tab. 34, figs. 8, 10. LINN^US 

 united both species under his Noctua pronuba, and perhaps they are only 

 varieties. Noctua piniperda, Trachea piniperda TREITSCHKE, PANZER, 

 Deutschl. Ins. Heft 83, Tab. 24, (Bombyx spreta FABR., and Noct-ua 

 flammea, ejusd.,) SEPP, Nederl. Ins. in. Tab. 34, RATZEBURG, Forst-Ins. 

 n. Tab. X. fig. 4; half an inch long, flight 15 to 16'" broad, upper- 

 wings brown-red and grey, with two whitish spots in the middle, hind- 

 wings dark-grey, under-side of wings single shade of grey, shining ; the 

 caterpillar green and white striped longitudinally. This caterpillar occa- 

 sionally causes great mischief in forests ; see LOSCHGE, Naturgesch. der 

 Forl-oder Kiefferraupe, Naturforscher, xxi. 1785, s. 27 65, Tab. in ; 

 as in Holland (particularly in the province of Gelderland) in 1808, and 

 especially in 1844 ; comp. hereon A. BRANTS in the Vaderl. Letteroefen- 

 ingen, 1844, MengelwerTc, bl. 525 536; and on the destruction in the 

 pine-forests of the province of Utrecht, H. VERLOREN in the Alg. Kunst-en 

 Letter-lode, 1846, Nos. 13, 15, and 1847, No. 9. 



b) Last joint of palps equal to second or longer than it, slender, sub- 

 naked. 



Erebus LATR. (Thysania DALM.) 



Sp. Noctua Strix L., FABR., Noctua Agrippina CRAMER, Uitl. kap. i. Tab. 

 87, 88, fig. A ; CUVIER R. ani. ed. ill., Ins. PI. 154, from Surinam. The 



