404 CLASS VIII. 



elongate, rotundate, inferior furnished with retinaculum. Larvae 

 smooth, with sixteen feet, living in wood. 



Sp. Cossus ligniperda, Phal. (Bombyx) Cossus L. ; SEPP, Nederl. Ins. in. Tab. 

 XLIII. SLIV ; DUM^RIL, Cons. g6n. s. L Ins. PI. 45, fig. 5 ; EATZEBURG, 

 Forst-Ins. II. Tab. in. fig. i. The expanded wings are more than 3" 

 broad ; the colour of the wings is ash-grey, with black interrupted stripes 

 that meet reticulately. The caterpillar reaches a length of three inches, 

 and is red-brown on the back ; it lives more than two years before changing 

 into pupa, and infests not willows alone, but other trees also. It is this 

 species which was investigated by LYONET in his unrivalled Traite anat. 

 de la Chenille, and is on that account so generally known. See also 

 his Recherches sur I' Anat. et les Metamorphoses des Insectes, edited by DE 

 HAAN, pp. 369 546, PI. 39 54 (on this insect in the state of pupa and 

 moth). 



Zeuzera LATH. Antennae in males pectinate at base, setaceous at 

 apex, in females serrate. 



Stygiu DRAPARN. (Species of Chimcera OCHSENH.) 



Hepialus FABR., Hepiolus ILLIG. Tongue obsolete. Antennae 

 very short (shorter than thorax), filiform or subserrate. Ocelli 

 none. Wings deflected, lanceolate, posterior mostly without reti- 

 naculum. Larvae smooth, with sixteen feet, subterranean, rhizo- 

 phagous. 



Sp. Hepialus humuli, Phal. (Noctud) humuli L., PANZER, Deutschl. Ins. Heft 

 70, Tab. 23, 24; Hepial. lupulinus, Phal. (Noctua) lupulina L. ; PANZER, 

 Deutschl. In*. Heft 94, Tab. 23, 24; GUERIN, Iconogr. Ins. PI. 85, 

 fig. i, &c. 



Family XXVI. Crepuscular ia. Wings subhorizontal or de- 

 flected, bridled in almost all, the posterior furnished with retinacu- 

 lum. Antennae prismatico-clavate or fusiform, simple or serrate, in 

 few pectinate. Tongue distinct, in some very long. Posterior 

 tibiae with double internal spine. Caterpillars with sixteen feet, 

 sometimes naked, furnished posteriorly with dorsal horn, sometimes 

 pilose or hirsute. Pupa smooth, in some folliculated, in most 

 buried beneath the earth. Flight of imago matutine and ves- 

 pertine. 



Evening-moths, Twilight-moths, Crepuscular moths. This family 

 consists for the most part of the Linnsean genus Sphinx. 



I. Anterior wings elongate, narrow, posterior small, much smaller 

 than anterior. 



