wards ; 1 



INSECTA. 505 



wards ; besides the head there are thirteen rings ; no eyes are 

 present ; the feet have four joints and a strong claw at the end. 

 The pupae, which lie in a hollow clod of earth, have the cases of 

 the wings projecting beyond the posterior margin of those of the 

 elytra. See the beautiful figures in the Mem. sur les metamorphoses 

 des Coleopteres of W. DE HAAN, Nouv. Ann. du Museum iv. 1835, 

 pp. 125164, pi. 1019. 



Phalanx I. Lucanidea or Priocera. Antennas with ten joints, 

 club pectinate, with lamellas sub-parallel, and almost perpendicular 

 to the axis. (Elytra always covering the apex of abdomen. Ab- 

 domen with only five distinct segments underneath.) 



The larvae live on decayed wood and reside in hollow stems of 

 trees. This group is allied indeed to the following, but still differs 

 by some anatomical characters. The larvae have a nervous system, 

 of which the ganglia of the thorax and the abdomen are separated 

 from each other by considerable distances ; whilst in the following 

 group they lie very close together, forming as it were a varicose 

 string. In the proper genus Lucanus the nervous system of the 

 perfect insect has quite a different form from that of the Scarabceida; 

 the second and third thoracic ganglia are separated from each other, 

 and the abdomen has six distinct ganglia, whilst in the Scarabceida 

 the second and third thoracic ganglia are fused together, and in the 

 abdomen, in place of a chain of ganglia, a single central nervous mass 

 alone succeeds to this thoracic ganglion, from which mass the nerves 

 of the abdomen arise at acute angles (like the last spinal nerves in 

 the Cauda equina of mammals). 



See the, figures of BLANCHARD Ann. des Sc. not., ^idme Sgrie, Tom. v. 

 PI. 8, fig. i, in Lucanus cervus, and in CUVIER R. An. ed. ill., Ins. PI. 3, 

 in the cockchafer. As perfect insect Passalus follows the Scarabceida in 

 the form of the nervous system, and therefore is referred by BLANCHARD to 

 this group, and separated from Lucanus. 



A. Ligula membranous, mostly bilobed and penicillate. Antenna smooth, 

 mostly broken, with first joint elongate. Scutellum between the base of elytra 

 at the beginning of the suture. 



Lucanus L. (in part). Mandibles exsert beyond head, mostly 

 much larger in males, porrect. Labrum mostly conjoined with 

 iclypeus or none. Maxillas membranous. Antennae broken. Feet 

 often elongate, especially the anterior. Body somewhat de- 

 j pressed. 



