228 CLASS xv. 



whole, in number of pairs and in origin, with those of the higher 

 animals and of man. In some instances the nervus glossopharyngeus 

 is only a branch of the nervus vagus. In the diplopnoa the motor 

 nerves of the eye are united to the course of the fibres of the first 

 branch of the fifth pair. The vagus in the Iarva3 of salamanders 

 and frogs, and in those genera of diplopnoa where the gills are per- 

 manent, gives off, as in fishes (p. 45), a nerve that runs along the 

 side (nervus lateralis) 1 . The hypoglossal nerves in the diplopnoa 

 arise from the spinal cord; in the frogs they are the first pair of 

 spinal nerves; in the salamanders they are formed by the first two 

 pairs 2 . 



The cephalic portion of the great sympathetic nerve is con- 

 nected with the vagus, the fifth and sixth pairs of nerves and the 

 facial nerve. In the serpents the anterior part of the sympathetic 

 nerve of the trunk is wanting, and its place is supplied by the vagus 

 nerve. Lower down in the trunk branches proceed from each of 

 the spinal nerves to the viscera, and are connected by arched 

 loops which represent the sympathetic. In the frogs, on the other 

 hand, and the tortoises, the trunk of the sympathetic is very con- 

 spicuous on each side of the spinal column, and in the last of these 

 the trunks of the arteries of the intestines are surrounded by very 

 beautiful plexuses of nerves 3 . 



1 VAN DEEN Disguisitio physiologica de differentia et nexu inter nervos vttce anim. 

 et organic. L. B. 1834, p. 96, figs. IV. V., and Tijdschr. 1. 1. pp. 112 129. 



2 See A. W. VOLKMANN Ban und Verrichtungen der Kopfnerven des Frosches, 

 MUELLER'S Archiv, 1838, s. 70 89, Taf. n. figs, i, 2 ; C. VOGT Zur Neurologic von 

 Python tigris, ibid., 1839, s. 39 58, Taf. III. figs, i 4. H. BENDZ Bidrag til den sam- 

 menlignende Anatomie af Nervus glossopharyngeus, vagus, accessorius og hypoglossus hos 

 Reptilierne. DansTce VidensTc. Selsk. math, og naturvidensTc. Afhandl. x. 1843, pp. 

 113 152, with 10 plates; J. G. FISCHER Amphibiorum nudorum Neurologies Speci- 

 men primum. Accedunt tabula 3 ceri incisce. Berolini, 1843: this first (and only?) 

 part of FISCHER'S work contains descriptions and figures (larger than natural) of the 

 basis of the brain and the cerebral nerves of Bufo palmarum, Hyla arborea, Bombinator 

 igneus, Pelobates fuscus, Pipa dorsigera, Salamandra terrextris, Triton cristatus, Rana 

 esculenta, Hypochthon anguinus and Ccecilia annulata; JEFFRIES WTMAN Anatomy 

 of the nervous system of Rana pipiens. Washington City, 1853, 4to, 2 Plates (Smith- 

 sonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. v. art. 4). The Rana pipiens of WYMAN is 

 evidently that large frog called by others Rana mugiens. Rana pipiens of SCHNEIDEB 

 and SCHREIBERS is the Rana halecina of DAUDIN and MERREM, Rana palustris GUERIN, 

 Iconogr. du R. anim., Rept. PL 26, fig. i, a species not larger than our common frog. 



3 Comp. CARUS op. cit., s. 179, 180, Tab. in. fig. 2; WEBER Anat. comp. nervi 

 sympathici, pp. 41 49, Tab. in. fig. 4 ; BIDDER . VOLKMANN Die Selbstandigkeit des 



