BIRDS. 337 



On the right side of the stomach and at the upper part lies the 

 pylorus. Here, in some birds (heron, pelican, &c.) is found another 

 distinct dilatation or supplemental stomach, an appendage which 

 occurs also in the crocodile, whose round sacciform stomach on the 

 whole resembles that of birds 1 . 



The first part of the intestinal canal, into which the gall ducts 

 and those of the pancreas open, is wider than the rest of the small 

 intestines. Here the intestinal canal forms a transverse flexure, 

 which turns back again at an acute angle, and thus forms a loop in 

 which the pancreas is situated. After this the small intestines form 

 some curvatures and then pass into the short large intestine, which 

 ends in a bladder-like expansion, the so-named cloaca. In pro- 

 portion to the body the intestinal canal is usually much longer than 

 in fishes and reptiles, but shorter than in mammals. It surpasses 

 the length of the body, measured from the extremity of the bill 

 to the termination of the coccyx, mostly three, often five times 2 . 

 Commonly there are found, where the large intestine begins, two 

 coeca, which run forwards; also the small intestine at its passage 

 into the large is bounded by a constriction arising from an annular 

 fold. The two coeca or lateral appendages of the large intestine 

 are especially long in the ducks; on the other hand, they are very 

 short in the diurnal birds of prey. They are wanting in the king- 

 fisher, the hoopoe, the parrots, and some other birds 3 . In the 

 herons only one such coecum is found, which lies backwards. The 

 internal mucous membrane of the small intestine has villi as a 

 rule, which sometimes extend into the rectum and the coeca. In 

 the small intestine, however, especially at its commencement, the 

 villi are more numerous, longer and finer. Only seldom are these 





1 See on this third stomach OWEN, TODD'S Cydopced. i. p. 322, F. S. LEUCKART 

 Zoolog. BruchstucJce, n. 1841, s. 64 71, Tab. 3, 4. 



2 Compare the tables in CUVIER Lee. d'Anat. comp. 2e eMit. iv. 2, pp. 182208. 



3 The two coeca are often of unequal length on the two sides ; see R. WAGNER 

 Beitrdge zur Anat. der Vogel, s. 294, 295, Abhandl. der math, physikal. Klasse der 

 Akad. zu Munchen, II. 1836. OWEN has treated copiously of these cceca, 1. 1. pp. 323, 

 SH- 



Besides the cceca of the large intestine there is often found at the small intestine 

 a blind appendage, usually short, a diverticulum, which is the remain of the vitello- 

 intestinal duct. MACARTNEY Phil. Transact. 1811, p. 207, E. WAGNER Betir. z. 

 Anat. d. Vogel, 1. 1. s. 286 290; this part is most developed in the genera Scolopax 

 and Numeniut. 



VOL. ii. 22 



