AVES. 505 



Sp. Parus exilis GRAY, Psaltriaexilis TEMM. PI. color. 603, fig. 4 ; a species 

 from Java, which is not larger than the common species of humming- 

 birds. 



b) With first quill spurious, very short. 



Calamophilus LEACH. Tail long, graduated. Sp. Parus biarmicus L., 

 BUFF. PL enl. 618, figs, i, 2, GUEB. Icon., Ois. PL 18, fig. i; the bearded 

 titmouse; makes its nest in reeds, fixed to the stem of coarse grasses. 



jEgithalusViGOEa, Paroides KOCH. Tail short, emarginate. Sp. Parus 

 pendulinus L., NAUM. Taf. 97 ; a very small species from the East and 

 North of Europe, whose nest interwoven very artistically of fibres of bark, 

 and the cotton of the seeds of willows, and fastened to a reed or a thin 

 willow-branch and surrounded by closely tangled bushes or bulrushes, is 

 protected from the wind and withdrawn from sight. 



Sphenostoma GOULD. Bill short, compressed, curved. Nostrils 

 basal, placed in a fossa. Wings with first quill short, fourth and 

 fifth longest of all. Tail long, graduated. 



Sp. Sphenostoma cristatum GOULD, Birds of Australia. 



Regulus Cuv. Bill short, slender, subulate, subemarginate 

 before the tip. Nostrils covered by a rigid, decumbent plumule. 

 Wings with first quill short, fourth and fifth longest of all. Tail 

 moderate, even or subemarginate, with feathers pointed. Tarsi 

 long, covered anteriorly and above with a continuous scute. 



Sp. Regulus flavkapillus NAUM., Motacilla regulus L., LESS. Ornith,. PI. 70, 

 fig. 2, NAUM., Taf. 93, figs, i, 2, 3; the gold-crested wren; Regulus 

 ignicapillus BEEHM, Regulus pyrrJiocepTialus ejusd., BUFF. PI. enl. 651, 

 fig. 3, NAUM. Taf. 93, figs. 4, 5, 6, GUERIN Icon., Ois. PI. 14, fig. 3. 

 These species are the smallest European birds. They live in society, breed 

 twice a year, and in their mode of life much resemble the titmice. 



Family XLIII. Cerihiance. Primaries ten, with first short. 

 Wing-coverts short. Tarsi long, covered anteriorly with transverse 

 scutes, at the sides with a continuous scute. Outer toes conjoined 

 at the base only. Claws compressed, curved; posterior larger than 

 anterior middle. Bill moderate or longer than head, slender, 

 mostly subincurved, more rarely straight. 



Sitta L. Bill moderate, straight, subulate, somewhat round, 

 compressed at the tip. Nostrils basal, rounded, covered by bristles. 

 Wings moderate, with first quill short, fourth and fifth mostly 

 longest of all. Tail short, even. Hallux long. 



Sp. Sitta europcea L., Sitta ccesia MEYEB and WOLF, BUFF. PI. enl. 623, 

 fig. i, NAUM. Taf. 139, LESS. Ornith. PI. 65, fig. 2; the nuthatch, la 



