AVES. 515 



Bessonornis SMITH. (Cossyplia VIGORS). Bill short Wings with 

 fourth, fifth and sixth quills subequal, the fifth longest of all. Tarsi 

 elongate. Tail somewhat long, ample, graduated or rounded. (A 

 genus scarcely distinct from the preceding.) 



Sp. Bessonornis Swainsoni BONAP., Petrocincla albicapilla SWAINSON, Birds 

 of W. Afr. i. PI. 32 ; Bessonornis vociferans, Turdus reclamator VIEILL. 

 Bessonornis semirufa, RUEPPELL Syst. Uebers. der Vo'gel Nord-0. Afr. 

 1845, PL & c - 



Note. Add genus ThamnoUa SWAINS, in part, Thamnolcea CABAN. 

 They who would unite these three genera will scarcely, in my 

 opinion, violate the natural method. 



Sp. Copsychus albiscapulatus, Saxicola albiscapulata RUEPPELL, Neue Wirbel- 

 thiere, Tab. 26, fig. i. (Comp. Turdus cinnamomeiventris LAFRESN., GUEB. 

 Magas. de Zool. 1836, Ois. PL 55, 56.) 



Turdus L. (exclusive of some species). Bill moderate or 

 shorter than head. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval. A few bristles at 

 che angle of mouth. Wings with third and fourth quills, sometimes 

 ivitli fifth also, subequal, the third and fourth longest of all. Tail 

 noderate, even. 



The thrushes. These birds feed on insects and worms, in autumn on 

 berries also. They live mostly in woods, and lay from 4 to 7 light-green 

 eggs, commonly spotted with brown or red. The species of Holland and 

 the North of Germany are for the most part birds of passage, but these 

 same species live over the winter in the South of Europe. 



Sp. Turdus musicus L., BUFF. PL enl. 406, NAUM. Taf. 66, fig. 2 ; the song- 

 thrush or throstle, la grive, die Sing-drossel ; Turdus pilaris L., BUFF. PI. 

 enl. 490, NAUM. Taf. 67, fig. 2 ; the fieldfare, &c. These two species are 

 greyish, ruddy-brown above, whitish with black spots below. Turdus me- 

 rula L., BUFF. PL enl. 2 male, 555 fern., NAUM. Taf. 71, LESS. Ornith. 

 PI. 38, fig. i male; the blackbird, la merle, die Amsel; the male black with 

 a yellow bill, the female brownish. 



Oreocincla GOULD. Bill moderate, strong, with culmen curved. 

 Tail moderate, rounded, with 14 feathers. 



Sp. Turdus varius PALL. Zoogr. Russo-Asiat. I. 499; central Asia, Japan, 

 occasional in Europe ; in this species the third flag-feather is the longest ; 

 in a very similar species from Java, Turdus lunulatus LATH., SUNDEV., on 

 the contrary, the fourth and fifth flag-feathers are the longest. 



Hanticola BOIE, Petrocinda, VIGOES. Bill moderate, with tip 

 curved. Points of wings produced beyond the half of taiL 



Sp. Turdus saxatilis L., BUFF. PI. enl. 562, NAUM. Taf. 73, Diet. univ. tfffist. 

 nat., Ois. PI. 18, fig. 2. 



332 





